Index

&ςEPTY layout 272

@ key 59, 958, 1171-1177

@ P key 3830, 1174

€ symbol 958, 959

# (hashtags) 1189, 1196

. key 713↓

? key 475

“ ” (quotation marks) 127-128, 441

; key (semicolon) 49, 1290, 174, 1178-1179

0 key 220, 229, 1003↓, 1196

1 key 1196

3D printing 1091

3M Company 1126

5 key 110

10 key 1156

10 PRINT CHR$… (book) 1063, 1066↓

11 key 1156, 1156↓

27%–87% keyboards 8360, 837, 838, 839↓, 931

47th Street Photo, New York 909-910

1944’ers/1956’ers 176-180, 182-184, 193

A key 508↓, 922

Abdulhamid II, Sultan of Turkey 283

AbKey Revolution keyboards 9390

ABS plastic 851

accelerator and modifier keys. See also keyboard shortcuts; non-printing keys; specific keys: chording and 713; contortions to reach 1199↓; inconsistency of 720-721, 723-725; layers 839↓; logo keys 503-506, 506↓, 509; Shift and Control, first use 382↓; telegraph/teletype legacy 343, 343↓, 713; word processing 453

accessibility. See also ergonomics: braille systems 1025-1027; chorded keyboards 1030-10310; Datadesk LittleFingers 1034-10350; device settings 1039; hearing disabilities 1028-1029; light-activated keyboards 10430; mouth or gaze-operated 10420; musculoskeletal disabilities 1029-1033; one-handed devices 1029, 1029↓, 10360; over-sized keyboards 1029-1032; pointer keyboards 10370; Sticky Keys 1178↓; talking keyboards 1028

ACER keyboards 7900

Acorn computers 616, 720

acoustic switches 763

Action key 1178↓

actions per minute (apm) 921

actuation force (switches) 751

actuation (keys) 749

ADB connections 1102

Add-A-Skill keyboards 225↓

adding machines. See calculators

Addison, Joseph 1194

Address Book key 1163

Addressographs 1156

Adélie keyboards 10920

Adesso keyboards 8000

Adjusters (Aligners) 121-126, 131-136, 1340, 139-140, 151-154

Adler typewriters 140; Adler 39 2680; Adler Favorit 154-1550

Adlersuchsystem (hunt-and-peck) 270

ADM-3A (American Dream Machine) 385-390, 3880, 730, 819↓, 10220

Adobe Photoshop 1038, 1199↓

Advanced Input Devices 6490, 651, 652, 653, 659

advertisements 77-82, 351↓, 562-569, 5730, 574, 576. See also under individual companies and products

AEG Mignon typewriter 5260

AEK64 keyboards 1101

Aesthedes 2 computer 1172-11730

AEU layout (Belgian) 284

AFNOR recommendations 958

African keyboards 845↓

Afrikaans typewriters 273

AI. See artificial intelligence

AI Dungeon 2 (game) 1144-1145

AIERTY layout 272, 284, 2860

Aircomp 16 computer 6250

airlines and planes: Coronas in 858; crashes 819↓; early portable computers and 868; keyboards in planes 1158; reservation keyboards 5610, 7160, 11590

Akron Falls Park, New York 460-461, 4600

Alberich i Escardívol, Montserrat 1059, 10620

Aldrin, Buzz 1148, 1149

Alexa 1207

Alexander, Jacob: force curves 758-761, 7600, 7610; keyboard of choice 763↓; keyboard startup 765; lab 741-744

Alice keyboard 1091, 10920

alienation. See dehumanization and alienation

aliens 1048

Alissoff, Michael 36

“Alive after five” ads 565, 7690

Alley Cat (game) 6030

Almak, Mahmut 287

Alonso, Ramón 1147-1148

Alphabet March (Turkish) 286

alphabetical layouts: examples 220, 410, 2220, 3250, 3750, 5050, 5950, 5970, 10250, 10370, 10400, 10610, 10810; as inferior to QWERTY 191↓

alphabets. See characters; languages and orthographies

AlphaGrip keyboard 10300

alphanumeric keys 50, 51↓

AlphaSmart 3000 8990

Alps Electric: CP105SJ550A kanji keyboard 948-9490; switches 748, 751, 752, 757, 7580, 759, 763-765

Alt key: ControlAltDelete 810-811, 812↓, 8130, 890; functions of 1179; Model F keyboard 644; Polish keyboards and 966-967; Unicode and 1073; Windows and Mac 723-725

AltF combination 969

AltF4 combination 527, 723, 725↓, 813

Alt label for Option (Mac) 722

Altair 8800 computer 493-495

AltGr key 724, 942-943, 958-959

Amazon 1143↓, 1207

Ambassador typewriters 534↓

American Airlines 5610

American Dream Machines (ADM-3A) 385-390, 3880, 730, 10220

American Foundation for the Blind 1039-1041

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 833

American Simplified Keyboard (ASK) 181↓

American Society of Questioned Document Examiners 485

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 338-341, 1061-1064, 10730, 10740, 1075

American typewriters. See also specific brands: blind machines 28, 33, 70-71, 72-730; early development of electric 200-202; early models that disappeared 35-42; effects of, in society 262; evolution of form factor 140-141; exported and modified 274-282, 350; first popular (See Sholes & Glidden Type-Writers); giant devices 84-87, 860, 96, 97↓, 5240; office work adoption 91-93, 1950, 204-205; sales (See sales); Shift Wars (See Shift Wars); theft of 82-83; typewriting becomes standard 433-434; typographical horrors of 126-131; as unable to handle Chinese 347

American Writing Machine Co. 680, 69, 78

Caligraph №2 typewriter 46-48, 460, 480, 1175; “Caligraph,” meaning 49↓; non-QWERTY keyboard 49, 172; Osbourne’s typing win on 55-57; in Shift Wars 50, 57-62; speed competitions 45-48, 51-55; uppercase only 48

Caligraph №5 6, 7 typewriters 69

keyboard layout 480, 49-50, 59, 59↓

New Century typewriters 60↓, 69

Amiga computers 8110, 8130

Amiga key503-506

Amish typewriter use 211↓

Amstrad computers and keyboards 748; Amstrad CPC464 10510; Amstrad CPC6128 9580; Model F clone 6570

An Wang 449↓. See also Wang Laboratories

Analytical Engine 363

anchors (dimples, nubs) 110, 111↓, 1180, 223, 656↓, 793, 8080, 990

“ancient monument” key (⌘) 722

Android screens 63, 241, 1004

animal pictures on keys 110, 1160

ANITA Mk VII calculator 229

ANSI (American Natl. Standards Inst.) 833

ANSI art 1075

ANSI Enter key 833, 848

antennas 484

anthropophilic computers 892-893, 894

Anti-Digit Dialing League 984↓

anti-glare keyboards 825

“anti-machine machine” 586-587

Any key 1096, 1162, 11630, 1177↓

apm (actions per minute) 921

Apple Inc.: 1984 Super Bowl ad 707↓; as exception to rule 687; FingerWorks TouchStream and 978, 983; Jobs’ tenure at 499-501, 733↓; Raskin’s tenure at 892-893; Sculley’s tenure at 897-898; typewriters not allowed at 4880; Wozniak’s first computer 498-501; Xerox PARC licensing 1012

Apple computers

ads 506, 508

as antidote to IBM 706

Apple I 4960, 498-501, 892

Apple II 5000, 5100; AppleWriter 5470; costs 502; design 501-502; lowercase and 5490; men start typing, finally 5730; popularity 892; Reset key 520, 809-810; scrolling 699; VisiCalc and spreadsheets 702, 7300, 732-737, 892

Apple IIc 852-8530, 1048

Apple IIe 5030, 5330

Apple IIe Enhanced 11090

Apple III 892, 893↓, 1130

Apple iMac 849, 851

 key (Apple) 506, 721-722

Apple Lisa 703↓, 7200, 721, 723↓, 1012

Apple MacBook 754, 757↓, 879↓, 903, 11940

Apple MacBook Pro 806-807, 8090, 810↓, 819↓, 843↓, 903, 1005

Apple Macintosh 6820, 7210; 1984 Super Bowl ad 707↓; beige era 849-851; ⌘ key 722; development of 892-893; forcing new software 683-684, 703-706; graphical user interface 696-697; keyboard design 683-684, 685↓, 703, 703↓, 709, 721-722; keyboard shortcuts 721-725, 8110, 8130; MacCharlie extension 7210; Model M keyboards and 678, 720; mouse devices 696, 894; recreating keyboard of 1101; sales 706, 707↓, 894; third-party add-ons 704-7050; users afraid of damaging 261↓; Xerox PARC and 1012

Apple Macintosh II 894

Apple Macintosh Plus 684

Apple PowerBook 8440, 8450, 869; PowerBook 165 8080; PowerBook Duo 8340, 845↓

Caps Lock key 890

⌘ key (Command) 722

FingerWorks products for 983

IBM’s influence on 642

“seven powers” 508

Shift missing early on 527

Siri key 11940, 1207

Windows vs. 182, 183

Apple iPad 709, 725↓, 999↓, 1103, 1210-12110

Apple iPhone 9940; capacitive glass 994; development of 991-994, 995; gestures 990, 1202; IBM Selectric vs. 420-421; keyboards 990-994, 996-9990, 1002-1003; keypad inconsistencies 241; launch 9720, 989-991; Notes app 519↓; PDA-inspired 9920; press reaction to 991-994; as prudish 1143↓; simplicity of 999; sounds 1002; typing on 10-11, 1004

Apple iPod 990, 991↓

 key (Apple) 506, 721-722

Apple keyboards

appealing to masses 788

Apple Adjustable 7220, 778-779, 7790, 779↓, 7810, 851

Apple Extended 706-709, 7060, 7070, 707↓, 806, 8090, 851, 894, 1101, 1103

Apple Wireless 8380

Arabic 9650

Avid keycaps 7350

Colemak overlay 9390

durability 707

early D and K nubs 110

function keys 725, 806

keys:  key (Apple) 506, 721-722; arrow keys 697↓; Clear key 215; ⌘ key (Command) 722; Control and Alt designations 722; Esc key 709, 806-807, 821; 🌐︎ key (Globe) 725↓

Model M-like keyboards 720

never marketed as solving RSI 793↓

Touch Bar 709, 806-807, 8090, 810↓, 1005

Apple TV keyboard 10000

apps. See software and apps

Arabic typewriters and keyboards 271, 2730, 275, 275↓, 2760, 281, 474, 9650

arcade games 914-918, 9180, 920↓

Archimedes (Acorn) 720

Are Two Spaces Better… (paper) 1197

area codes, discrimination in 238↓

Aristotle switches 1087

Arithmometers 217-219, 2170

Armenian keyboards 273↓, 959↓

Armstrong, Neil 1149

ARPANET 490↓, 1171

Arrested Development (show) 1144

arrow keys 688-6910; arranging 687, 687↓, 709; cursor key origins 684-685; DEC research results 692-694; DEC terminals 6860; dual sets 697-699; early typewriter keys functioning as 713↓; evolution of 685-686; gamers and 922; IBM adopts 694; inverted T 692, 694-695, 709, 1178; Macintosh computers 683-684, 703, 709; programmers and 706; sequences of use 694; third-party keypads 704-7050; “unnatural acts” and 698; usage statistics 692; varying layouts 9230; Wheelwriter usage 886

Arrow typewriters 862

art, created by typing (artyping): ASCII art 1061-1064; Chromatic Typewriter 1103-1106, 11080; evolution of 10740; masters of 1059-1060, 10620; mazes 1046-1047, 1061-1064; Meyer’s KYBDslöjd 1075-1076, 10770; modern versions of 1075; mysteries 10550, 1059; Nelson’s Artyping 1055-1056; origins of 1055; popularity of 1056-1060; Robotron art 10680; on Sholes & Glidden 10720; Snoopy calendars 10690; teletype art 1060-1061

artificial intelligence (AI): ChatGPT-3 and -4 AI 1144↓, 1145; ELIZA program 1183-1187, 1185↓, 11860, 1187↓, 1192-1193; Halmak layout 190; small talk and 1193↓; Turing test 1185-1187; writing with 1144-1145, 1144↓

artificial languages 190, 191↓

artificially insane raconteurs 1185

artisanal keys 1086-1087, 10860, 10870, 1088-10890, 1090-10910, 12000, VOL 2 BACK ENDPAPERS0

artyping. See art, created by typing

Artyping (book) 1055-1056

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 338-341, 1061-1064, 10730, 10740, 1075

ASCIICKER (game) 10730

Ascota accounting machine 2450

Asian keyboards and hand size 845↓

Asimov, Isaac 420, 518

ASK (American Simplified Keyboard) 181↓

assembly language 494

Associated Press 334

Aston 4 TV production keyboard 11600

Astrolokeys 1107-1112

astronauts. See space missions

astronomical typewriters 474

@ P key 3830, 1174

at sign and key (@) 59, 958, 1171-1177

Atari computers 687; Atari 130XE 10520; Atari 400 502, 519-520, 613, 752; Atari 800XL 10440, 1045-1048, 10500; Atari 2600 controllers 6280; Atari logo key 503; Atari ST 720, 8110, 8130; keyboards 5080, 717↓

ATASCII art 1075

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 283-284, 286

Atex system 809

Atlantic City Boardwalk 84

Atlas Computer and Rutherford Appleton Laboratories 3990

Atlas keyboards 10920

ATM machines 427↓, 1158

Atreus keyboards 1093, 1099

AT&T computers 7180

AT&T telephones and systems 238-241, 238↓, 2420, 984↓

auctions, keycap 1086

audio cassettes 448, 451, 613

Auerbach, David 1193↓

Austin, Denise 8030

Austin Adding Machine 2240

Australian Telecom 7660, 767-770, 799

authenticity, typewriting and 433-435

auto-flagellation 975↓

auto-repeat feature 416, 528

Auto Space key 1199

Auto-Typist Self-Operating Typewriter 4390, 459

AutoComplete, AutoCorrect, AutoFormat, AutoText (Word) 1136, 1139, 11400

Automatic Eraser Co. 11190

Automatic portable typewriters 858, 859, 859↓

Automatic Telegraph Company 42

automatic typewriters 4390, 4520, 4540. See also word processors

Automatypewriters 1106

autopens 437

Autosave features 941

Avid keycaps 7350

awards and medals 1150, 593, 629-631, 974, 10170

AZERTY layout 272, 2770, 5290, 9580. See also French typewriters and keyboards; de luxe version 958; deserves death 956; jamming 275; tell-tale signs 275↓; typebar clashes and 186

Babbage, Charles 363, 574, 813

baby names 406↓, 1206

backlights under keys 925, 937, 1088, 1096

\ key (backslash) 337, 733, 737, 960, 1178

Backspace key and backspacing: circular 978; ControlH combination 724, 1130, 1134↓, 1142; correcting keys and 1129-1130; destructive 1129, 1130; early typewriters 1116-1117, 1116-11170, 11180; energy to use 201↓; functions of 1179; international key legends 271; iPhone 998; ISO Backspace 833; popularity of 1130, 1134↓; symbols for 828, 830; teletypes 329-330, 332

Backus, John 378↓

Bajtek (magazine) 10740

Ball, Nita 1580

Balochistan 2830

Baltic computers 616

Bambi, A Life in the Woods (book) 470

Bancroft, William Sellers 2640

bandwidth 384, 389

Bang & Olufsen 631

Bank of England 560↓

Bank Street Writer 526

bankruptcy, Mark Twain and 265↓

banks 2310, 4140; calculators 2310; ::: key (Check Protector) 1152; correctable ribbons and 1129, 1129↓; German typo catastrophes 1196, 1197↓; keyboards for 6690, 677↓; maintenance costs 677↓; punch cards and 296, 297↓; Turkish 286; typed letters insult bankers 434; women in 560↓

banks of keys 49, 167

banned characters (Turkish) 285, 287-291

banned typewriters 283, 284

Banuelos, Joe 883, 889

Bar-Lock typewriters 50, 560, 58-59, 71↓, 581; Bar-Lock №4 3; Columbia Bar-Lock 5220

Barbie Model M keyboards 679↓

Barnes’ Complete Typewriting… (book) 108

Baron, Dennis 519

BASIC language 6360; learning 632-6330, 1066↓; mazes 1061-1064; novels written in 635↓; overlays for 6280; sample program 379; sheet music holders and 630↓; Wozniak and 498, 499; ZX Spectrum and 631

basket shift 62

BAT keyboard 10310

batch processing 363-364, 371, 376-377, 378

Bateman, Oliver Lee 911

Bates Torrey knee shifts 6960

batteries 323, 865↓

battleship keyboards 839↓

Baudôt, Jean-Maurice-Émile 324-326, 327, 328, 338-341, 343

Baudôt telegraphs 324-326, 3240, 3260

Bauhaus school of design 631

Baydemir, Osman 269, 287-291

BBC computers 502, 615-616; BBC Master 810; BBC Micro 616, 618, 8110, 8130

BCC (blind carbon copy) 155

Beacon, Mavis 907-913, 911↓, 9120

beam-spring keys 749-750, 7500, 752, 871, 1084

“beamhemoths” 1084

Beauchamp, Dominic 1091-1093

“Beep Repeatedly and Break Everything” 730

beer, keyboards and 743

beige era of computers 849-851

Belgian typewriters 275, 284, 2850

Bell key 332-333, 335-336, 337, 502

Bell Plus Adding Machine 2230

bells 23, 123, 1420, 1430, 222, 332-333, 335-336, 337

Bemer, Bob 807

Benghazi report 480

Bennett Typewriter 92-93

Bennington typewriter 713↓

BÉPO layout 190, 956-958, 956↓

Berkeley, Edmund 493

Berkeley Typewriter 883-885

Berry, Wendell 577-578

BESK computers 4220

BESM-1 computer 3730

“big-ass” Enter key 833, 833↓, 843, 848

Big Keys keyboard 8350, 1029-1032, 1033↓, 1034-10350

Bildschirmtext computers 5330

Bilofsky, Walt 908

BINAC computer 363, 364

binary, Wichary makes you do 497, 499↓

binding 755, 843↓

BIZMAC computer 365↓

Black, Edwin 313↓

Blackout key 1156

Black symbols, Mavis Beacon as 911-913

BlackBerry mobiles 9880; bemoaning demise of 890; BlackBerry Pearl 9900; BlackBerry Porsche Design 9950; CEO of disses iPhone 994; development of 987-989; final years 1005; manual 10070; name of 989↓

BlackBerry thumb 989

blank keyboards: Das Keyboard 426, 927-930, 9280, 935, 935↓; exported keyboards 828; HHKB 837-838, 9290, 930-932, 9330; learning to type and 110; stolen typewriters 462; typists unable to label 116-117; Wichary’s use of 115, 463↓

blank keys 272, 848, 849↓

Blankenbaker, John V. 493

Bletchley Park, U. K. 362, 1150

Blickensderfer, George C. 165-168, 1178

Blickensderfer typewriters 680; Blick 859; Blick Oriental 166; Blickensderfer Model 1 166; Blickensderfer Model 5 581; Blickensderfer Model 6 1690, 581; Blickensderfer Niagara typewriter 166; Blickensderfer №5 1670, 858; Blickensderfer Oriental 275↓; electric typewriters 201; patents 1780; Remington buys 168; repair prices 1680; Scientific layout 165-166, 1670, 1690, 172, 175, 1780, 257↓; slogans 78-79; Typewriter Row store 74

blind typing 28, 33, 70-71, 518, 529

blindfolded typing 60, 103, 107, 1140

blindness and visual impairment: Braille and 1025-1027, 1027↓; Braille Writer 1026, 10290; embossing typewriters 35; Hall’s invention 1025, 10280; large key legends 1032; Tellatouch keyboard 1039-1041, 10400; Writing Ball 199

Blip VOL 2 BACK ENDPAPERS0

blocking 757

Bloomberg, Michael 1171↓

Bloomberg keyboards: Bloomberg Terminal 1156-1158, 1171↓; Freeboard VOL 2 FRONT ENDPAPERS0

blu-tack 614

blue boxes 499

blue-collar workers 772. See also classism

blue screen of death 813, 815

BMW corporate office 4150

board chow 755

Bob’s Big Boy restaurant 377-378

Bodine adding machines 2070

Bohemian keyboards 1153

bold text 129, 254, 519

Bonus Bureau, Computing Division 2140

book interfaces for keyboards 9400

book readers 1158

book typewriters 148-1500, 2440

BookMac 11100, 1112

books 248, 249↓, 263, 1143-1144, 1158

Boom key 977

Borgholm Castle, Sweden 723↓

Borland Quattro Pro 736

Boss key 9210, 924

Boston Computer Society 502

Botnik Studios 1144

Bottle Deposit key 1158, 1171↓

Bova, Ben 1122

Bower, Raymond G. 1790

Bradley, Dave 698, 703↓, 810, 811, 1049↓

Braille, Louis 1025-1027, 1027↓

braille typewriters and keyboards: Braille Writer 1026, 10280; Braille’s invention 1025-1027; Hall’s invention 1025, 10280; similarities to teletypes 1027↓; Tellatouch 1039-1041, 10400; Writing Ball 199

Braun GmbH 631

Bravo word processor 520, 521

Brazilian computers 810

Brazilian terms for hunt-and-peck 270

Brazilian trips with typewriters 856

Brazilian typewriters 36

break commands 807-811, 8110, 8130

Bremerton Office Machine Company 900-9010, 902-903

British Broadcasting Corp. See BBC computers

British class boundaries rubbish 620, 620↓

British invasion of Iraq 480

British Ministry of Defense 480

British teletypes 3310

British typewriters and keyboards: closed captions 10220; demand for 618-620; early companies manufacturing 140; Enterprise 64 computers 808; inverted commas 127; Manchester Mark I computer 364; manufacturing 1590; ZX Spectrum (See under Sinclair computers)

British Typewriters (company) 462-463

Brooks, Byron A. 49, 75

Brooks typewriters 75

Brother Kitchen Assistant 5100

Brother typewriters 140; Brother Compactronic 889↓; Brother Correct-O-Ball XL-I 1129; Brother Correctronic 889↓

Brugger, Herbert 1790

BTC keyboard 6570

Buchanan, Robert 263↓

buckling springs: 1990s use 754; capacitive buckling springs 762; dental floss and 667↓; exploded view 7510; Model M 6620, 663-666, 677, 750; origins 666, 673↓; Unicomp and 761

Budapest, Hungary 3340

buddy lists 1189

buffers (word processors) 518

“bug splattered on windshield” key (⌘) 722

bugs: first keyboard bug 416-419; Optimus Maximus keyboard 977; predictive text and 1139, 1139↓; Selectric bug 4820, 483-485, 4830, 4850; Therac machines 806, 815-819, 821↓; Wichary’s Medium bug 941-943, 9430, 961-969

Buick Reatta keyboard 10000

Bulgarian keyboards 275, 284, 6800

Bull key punches 3040

“bunny ears” 127

Burlington Railroad 1950

Burmese typewriters 475↓

burn-in on screens 7180

“burn-in” periods 521

Burroughs calculators 227, 2360, 240-2410

Burroughs keyboards 6940

Burroughs typewriters 2070

Burstein, Max 1156↓

Burt, William 35, 400

Burt Typographer 400

Bush, George H. W. 5750

Bush, George W. 17, 290, 4780, 479-480

Bush, Vannevar 1009

businesses and offices. See office work

butterfly key (⌘) 722

butterfly key (Keyboardio) 1096

butterfly keyboards 875-876, 8760, 1093-1099

butterfly switches 757↓

buttons 23-24, 210-211, 236, 238-241

Byte computers 6250

C. M. (Charles Morrison?) 320, 321↓

C-10 language 575

C/O key 1156

cabbage (@) 1177↓

cable routing 747, 747↓

cables, keyboard 1102

cafés, word-processing 952, 9620

Cahill, Thaddeus 201, 203↓

calculators 2170, 2180, 2230, 2260; 1980s era 1164-11650; adding and subtracting typewriters 5960; bank usage 2310; better office records and 234; Comptometers 219-227, 2210, 306; Duodecillion machines 225; early versions of 2140, 217-227; exploding 610; Fireball calculators 11640; first augmented 217; first devices to evolve 227; first electronic (ANITA Mk VII) 229; functions added to 233; homemade 5090; Keeper project 630↓; keyboard-attached 11650; “keypad wars” 229; as leading to computers 233; manufacturers ignore layout tests 243↓; not common until 1970s/80s 243; phone layout vs. 241; pre-mechanical 216, 2160; Sinclair products 610-612; specialized for industries 227, 227↓; ten keys 227-233, 2280, 2360, 2370; testing 240-2410; trial balances and 234; typewriters, merged with 2450; watch calculators 610-612, 6110, 612; word processor calculations 531

calculators (people) 225-226, 227↓

Calibri font 481-482

Caligraphs. See American Writing Machine Co.

Callahan, Tyree 1103-1106

calluses 494, 501

cameras in keyboards 1159

Cancel key 1178↓

Cangjie characters 970↓

Canon Inc.

Canon Cat 525, 8820, 8910, 8940; as anthropophilic 894; computers do in 896-897; keyboard 894-896; naming 896, 897↓; prototype 11090; sales 896; “To type, just type” 894; user-friendliness 894

considers buying NeXT 896

CANS (RSI complaints) 798. See also RSI

Capacitance Activated Template (CAT) 456↓

capacitive buckling springs 762

capacitive glass 994

capacitive surfaces 981↓

capital letters. See uppercase letters

Capo, Fran 91↓

Capone, Al 208

Capote, Truman 537

Caps Lock key 154, 890; alternate names for 155↓; Das Keyboard sends packing 932↓; early PCs 503; as hated 154, 1179; as popular 1178; symbols for 830

CAPTCHAs 1196

carbon copies 1450, 155, 208, 208↓, 1117

carbon paper 18, 93, 136-138, 1026

Card, Stuart 394

card holders 141, 1450

CARDIAC system 365↓

carpal tunnel 770, 798. See also RSI

Carpalx software 1089

carriage returns. See also Return key: automatic 23, 33; daisy wheels and 448; early electric machines 210; energy created by 200; energy needed for 779↓; Selectric moves font ball instead 411; Sholes & Glidden 2, 370; speed competitions and 87; teletypes 328; timing 905; treadle-controlled 23, 33; word wrap and 527

cars, design of 631, 635↓

Carter’s ribbons 562

cartoon characters 910, 913-918, 9140

cases, iPad 709

cases, typewriter 864, 864-8650

cash-register-like keyboards 502, 520

cash registers 85, 880, 227, 2330, 754, 1156

Casio Darwin G-900ST Japanese 9570

cassette memory 448, 451, 613

Castle Typing program 913

castles 723↓

CAT (Capacitance Activated Template) 456↓

cathode ray tubes 867

CBS Broadcasting, Inc.: 1952 elections 3580, 359-360, 366-371; Bush memos 4780, 479-480; Kennedy assassination 337; laser eraser segment 1123

CC (carbon copy) 155. See also carbon copies

CD players in keyboards 11110

CDC 6500 supercomputer 3870

CDC 6600 supercomputer 493

cellphones. See also specific brands: accessibility settings 1039; Android 63, 241, 1004; BlackBerrys (See BlackBerry mobiles); early keypads 9860, 9870; emoji 1068-1073, 10710; input method editors (IMEs) 986; iPhone (See Apple iPhone); keyboards attached to 9860; keypad inconsistencies 241; multiple letters per key 984, 9850; PDAs (See specific PDAs); physical keyboards 989; predictive text and 1004; Shift layout 63; smartphones 989; texting on early phones 984-986; thumbs and typing 1004; typing on early phones 984; typing speed 986, 1004

Cembalo Scrivano 35, 410

Censor key 1002

censorship 1002, 1142, 1143↓

Census (U. S.) 294-301, 3020

Centennial Exposition 1888, 45

centering text 141, 442, 518, 527

Central Computing Comp-Time MegaSystems 379

cerebral palsy 1032, 1038, 10380, 1059-1060

chair-mounted keyboards 786

Chambers, Whittaker 470-473, 4720, 476-477

Champion Eastern Altitudenous Coronatypist 856

Chancellor typewriters 534↓

Chaplin, Charlie 6520, 656↓

characters. See also languages and orthographies; special characters and symbols; specific languages: adding with second keyboard 152-1530; ASCII 338-341; banned in Turkish 285, 287-291; character widths 442; features lost in typewriter fonts 126-131; letter widths 126; missing on typewriters 127-129; monospaced fonts 126-127, 156, 413, 950, 1197, 11980; overtyping (See overtyping characters); proportional fonts 438-442, 7320; scraping off pieces of letters 130↓; specialized symbols, swapping in 146; Unicode 341; wear compensators and 419

Chariton Courier 10740

Charles, King of England 1057-1059

charts (force curves) 758-760, 7580, 7600, 7610

Chat key 1163

chat programs: adding new languages 1194; chatroom systems 1189; first 1188-1189; as second most used program 1207↓; shorthand for 1192; “someone is typing” messages 1189, 1193↓

ChatGPT-3 and -4 AI 1144↓, 1145

Chatpad add-ons 11900

chatroom systems 1189

chattering 755

::: key (Check Protector) 1152

checkerboard keyboards 9260

chemistry, keyboards for 1153, 1171↓

Cherry Electric: 1990s era 754; 2008 buy-out 925↓; Cherry MX Blue 7580; Cherry MX Clear 765; coveted red keys 934, 9360; current production lines 761; Das Keyboard and 928, 929; early switches 751, 7640, 765; fading star of 762, 763↓; first key and switch customizations 389; gaming devices 925, 935; in Keyboard Canyon 648↓; keyboards 924-925; mounts 752, 753↓

The Chessmaster 2000 908, 9110

Chicago Daily Tribune 346

“Chicago typewriters” 208

chiclet keys 651-652, 6540, 656, 753, 870, 877-878

child-proof keyboards 502, 509, 753↓

childbearing, women’s work and 565

children: animal pictures on keys 110, 1160; child-proof keyboards 502, 509, 753↓, 1034-10350, 10360; computers and 509, 532-5330, 540-5410; Sholes on 774; typing before school-age 117; typing programs for 908-913, 911↓, 9120, 913-919

Chinese computers 3470

Chinese language: characters 345, 348, 351↓, 943; computerizing 3470; dialects 345; logograms 345-346, 351↓; numbers speaking 345; proposed reforms 352, 355↓, 944; radicals, dividing into 346-347; Zhuyin 350

Chinese print history 249↓, 345-346

Chinese typewriters and keyboards 2890, 3440, 3480, 3490, 3540, 3560; American manufacturers’ Zhuyin 350; “common usage” characters 348; competing with print industry 350; customizing characters 355-356, 357; Double Pigeon typewriter 355-357; early ridicule of 346, 3460, 357; iPhone offerings 999, 1002; issues with 349; Japanese imports 945↓; Ming Kwai (明快) 350-355; Mustard keyboards 1153; Qi Xuan’s failed 350; QWERTY and 970↓; radicals and 346-347; restricted use of 352; speed competitions 355; training for 349; tray typewriters 347-349

chips 384, 629↓

chirographers 36

chording keyboards 1030-10310, 10430; braille and 1025-1027; early telegraph keyboards 324; Engelbart’s 1010-1013, 1012↓, 10130; first portable typewriter 1021; IBM research 1112-1113; keyboard shortcuts and 713; keyboard size 1019; Microwriter 6030, 1021-1024, 10240, 10250, 1026-10270; one-handed keyboards 1029, 1029↓; stenotypes 1013-1019

Christie, Agatha 863

Christmas lights 368, 401

Chromatic Typewriter 1103-1106, 11080

Chromebooks 8110, 8130

“chubi” 1142

Churchill, Winston 151, 441, 1150

chuzografía (poke-o-graphy) 270

Cincinnati, Ohio 440, 45, 49↓

Ciresi, Mike 482

cKeys non-profit 1107

classism 620, 620↓, 772, 801

“clean room” techniques 647↓

cleaning typewriters. See repairing and restoring typewriters

Clear key 215, 233

clear typewriters 8880, 8890

Clear2048 keycaps VOL 2 BACK ENDPAPERS0

Clemens, Orion 1079

Clemens, Samuel. See Twain, Mark

Clemens, Susan 10780, 1079

Clephane, James 29, 42, 249

Clicky Keyboards 6720, 675-676

clicky keys and switches 751, 761, 929

Clinton, Hillary 1142

Clinton, William Jefferson 17

Clippy 910, 1184↓

clones 622-627, 629↓, 647-648, 677, 761

closed captions 10220, 10230, 1028

Cloudflare outage 1196

cloverleaf key (⌘) 722

clubs 497-498, 499, 499↓, 511. See also meet-ups and type-ins

CNC machine keyboards 1176-11770

Code key 1178↓

Coffee key 1159

coil springs 748

coin-operated typewriters 5360

Colani, Luigi 779↓

cold milk, hot computers and 614

Coleco Adam computer 716

Colemak layout 190, 9390, 1089

collators 377

Collingwood, Charles 3580, 360, 368-370

Collins, Samuel 1780

Colonial keyboards 1153

colonialism 282, 350

color-coded keys 110, 1170, 222, 630-631

colors, typing in 1103-1106, 11080. See also art, created by typing

colors of computers and keyboards 845, 849-851, 851↓, 8530, 872, 1102

Colossus (computer) 362

Columbia typewriters and computers 438, 647; Columbia 2 Typewriter 770; Columbia Bar-Lock 5220

.com key 998

Comanche 4 overlay 7240

combat wounds, Coronas 858

comet erasers 1117, 1118↓, 11190

Comfort keyboards 7910

Comic Sans 10360, 10370, 1106, 11080, 1176-11770

⌘ key (Command) 722

command line interface: bandwidth and 384; break/reset commands 8110, 8130; legacy 401; new users and 384; origins of 379; prompts 684; Unix commands 385↓; using 684-685

“commercial at” (@) 59, 958, 1171-1177

Commercial typewriters 680

Committee of Ten Million… 984↓

Commodore computers

arrow keys 687

buses loaded with 540-5410

Commodore 64 5070, 5320, 8160, 10770, VOL 2 FRONT ENDPAPERS0; BASIC programs 1066↓; Dickinson on 631; function keys 717↓; keyboard shortcuts 8110, 8130; Meyers’ art and 1075-1076

Commodore 128 703↓, 10520

Commodore Amiga 635↓, 720

Commodore Executive 64 8800

Commodore PET 502, 508↓, 520, 10530

Commodore SX-64 portable 867, 869↓

Commodore VIC-20 10520, 74030

as forgotten 687

keyboard overlays 7360

Model M cloned keyboard 9380

sex and 869↓

common sense thrown out windows 881↓

communications: “accelerating the alphabet” 36; AI and (See artificial intelligence); Apple’s seven powers 508; chat (See chat programs); with computers (See human-computer interactions); computers become tool for 509; correspondence (See correspondence); decrypting 362; dehumanization of numbers and 984↓; with dolphins 742↓; email 482, 1171-1177, 1188, 1195↓, 1207↓; home computers and 509; Morse’s tragic need for 320; non-verbal 1065, 1187 (See also emoji; emoticons); people with disabilities and (See accessibility); telegraphs and 323, 324, 326; telephones (See telephones); teletypes (See teletypes); television (See television); texting (See texting)

Communism and communists: Chinese restrictions on typewriters 352; Chinese typists’ customizations 357; cloned computers and 622; computer clone names 626; “down with…!” 4690, 469↓; Endfield fingered as 1020↓; Hiss case 470-477, 4730, 4750; Japanese imports and China 945↓; limited computers due to 622; Polish keyboards and 963; Tytell accused of aiding 475

Communist People’s Republic of China 352

“compact” keyboards 837

Compaq computers 647, 695↓, 8690

Compasso d’Oro award 593

compatibility 698, 702, 703↓

Compis computers 809

“complete” keyboards 58

composition, print 248-249, 251-253, 2530

Comptometer machines 5570; Comptometer Educator 9170; Hollerith differs from 306; key layout 220, 2210; Model E 2210; number arrangements on 243; origins and design 219-227; practice keyboards 225, 9170; “woodies” 220↓

Compucolor II computer 1048

Computer History Museum 314, 489

computer keyboards. See keyboards

computer typewriters 887

computers. See also specific brands

accessibility of (See accessibility)

AI (See artificial intelligence)

Baudôt’s legacy 338-341

communicating with (See communications)

computer literacy 615-616, 1196

computer-written books 1143-1144

debugging 575

defining 362

electricity as brain 423-424

Engelbart’s influence on 1009

evolution: anthropophilic 892-893, 894; calculators become 233; command line, origins 379; early bandwidth 384; early numbers of 371; early word processors (See word processors); first computers 359-360, 362-364, 371-377, 372-3730, 372-3750; first programming languages 377; first spell checkers 1134; home computers 394, 531, 571 (See also personal computers); single-tasking 376-377; before software 363-364; terminals (See terminals); transistors 377, 610, 866. 610n; vacuum tubes 363

fears of damaging 261↓, 516, 542, 1196

female programmers 574-575

hobbyists and (See hobbyists)

human behavior of 910, 1184↓, 1185↓

human-computer interaction (See human-computer interactions)

input (See also keyboards); first, issues 364; key punch cards 364, 376; stenotyping machines 1018, 1027; tape 364, 1018; teletypes attached to 378, 382-384, 3830, 384; terminals (See terminals); typewriters attached to 377, 422-425, 4220, 424, 4240, 4250, 4270, 428-4290

mainframes 384-385, 815, 815↓, 8540, 865 (See also specific mainframes)

mechanical 362, 3620

military uses of (See military typewriters and keyboards)

mini- and microcomputers 384 (See also personal computers; specific brands)

monitoring and keylogging 487

moving 8540, 865

personal computers (See personal computers; specific brands)

programmable or universal 362

repairing 6720, 675-676, 8040, 851, 890↓, 1102

spreadsheets as killer app (See spreadsheets)

supercomputers 384, 3870, 493

time-sharing 365-366, 371, 377-382

Turing test 1185-1187

word processors (See word processors)

computers (people) 227↓

Computing-Tabulating–Recording Company 301, 658. See also IBM

concrete keyboards 11110, 1206

concrete poetry 1060

condom manufacturers, keyboards and 631

Condon, Richard 519

Consul keyboards 9650

Contact (movie) 787

control characters 343

Control Data 687

Control key: Apple and 722; early home computers and 502-503; first 343, 382; functions of 1179; programmers and 1178; teletype legacy 341; terminals and 389; Wichary discovers 1046; Windows and 724

ControlAltDelete 810-811, 812↓, 8130, 890

ControlF combination 737-738

ControlH combination 724, 1130, 1134↓, 1142

ControlS combination 539, 941, 942, 943, 969

Cooke, William 321-322, 1137↓

cooker-dial manufacturers 631

“cool,” keyboards Wichary feels are 463↓

Cooper, Leon 445, 459

copy holders 1440, 1450

copy machines 1158

copyright law 963

Corona typewriters (later Smith-Corona) 8780; Champion Eastern Altitudenous Coronatypist 856; Corona 3 portable 167, 856-858, 8560, 8580, 8590, 860-861, 862; durability of 856-858; forensic evidence and 467; Fox lawsuit 864; living interesting lives 856-858; movie career of 859↓; slogans for 856; Standard Folding Type-Bar Visible Typewriter 861; war-time service 856-858, 8600, 861-862; World War II end of 863

Corr key 317

correction fluids 1118, 1118↓, 11190, 11200, 1121↓

Correction key: non-Selectric correction keys 1129-1130, 11350; Selectric 1126, 1127, 1128, 11330

correction paper, pens, tape 11190, 1120

correspondence. See also modern forms of (i.e., texting, email, etc.): facsimile letters 4360; love letters 4350; peevish letters 898; poison emails 482; “the poison typewriter” 463-465, 4650; preference for handwriting 433-434; typed as impersonal 437; typed becomes standard 433-434

Corsair keyboards 925

cortical homunculus and 12060, 1207

Cosby, Bill 656↓

“cosmic latte” 851

Cosmopolitan Shorthand (magazine) 105

costs: American texting fees 989↓; Apple I 499, 501; Apple II 502; coveted red Esc keys 934, 9360; early computer keyboards 932↓; early machine time 364-366, 382; FingerWorks purchase price 983↓; HP 9825 630↓; IBM 5100 as… reasonable 866-867; IBM PCjr 648; IBM Selectric 420; laser erasers 1123; Model F keyboards 651; most expensive keyboards 932; Optimus Maximus keyboards 977; personal computers 536; rubber membrane keyboards 753-754; typewriters 536, 537↓; typists, hiring 115↓; Videotype 451; ZX Spectrum 629↓, 632

Cough key 1158, 1171↓

counterculture 497

counterfeiting. See questioned documents

Courier Executerm terminals 11580

Courier font 129-130

court reporters 29, 249, 5990, 10220, 10230. See also lawsuits; shorthand, stenotype machines

Courturier, Lucile 10580

Cover-It 1121

Covert key 8190

Cox, Ray 816-818

CP/M operating system 637, 639-640

CPT 8100 451

CPT keyboards the color of dust 851↓

crackberrys 987

Crandall, Lucien S. 49, 75

Crandall typewriters 680; appearance 50, 581; Crandall New Model 5820; curved keyboards 71↓, 776; non-QWERTY layout 172, 5820, 11090; portable 11090; proportional fonts 438; slogans 79; Typewriter row shop 69-70

crashing machines: airplanes 819↓; autosave and 941; BlackBerrys 989↓; ControlAltDelete 810-811, 812↓, 8130, 890; error messages and 811-813; IBM word processors 516; Save functionality 539; Zinsser’s horror 516

Cray computers 8140

Crayola keyboard 10360

creeks, typewriters dumped in 461

Crichton, Michael 545

crimes and theft: Alger Hiss’s case 470-474, 475-477; American typewriter theft 82-83, 462; British Typewriters’ office 462-463; counterfeited receipts 468-469; ditching typewriters 462; forensic experts (See forensic typewriter experts); forged typewriters 474, 475-477; forgeries (See questioned documents); Hemingway manuscript theft 863, 863↓; keyboards as dangerous 485-487; keylogging/monitoring 4860, 487, 4870; Pakistani Panama papers case 481-482; piracy 622, 963, 967↓; poison emails 482; “the poison typewriter” 463-465, 4650; Selectric as most stolen item 420; Sherlock Holmes and typewriters 468; Sholes accuses Densmore of theft 97-99; stupid criminals 462-463; typewriters 82-83, 462; W key in Turkey 269; watery ends for typewriters 461, 462

Croatian computers 9640

Cronkite, Walter 337, 3580, 359-360, 3610, 11140, 1123

crowdfunding 934

crowding 419, 1120

cryptographic keys 8190

CTS (carpal tunnel) 770, 798. See also RSI

Cubic font 130

Culler-Fried On-Line System 3870, VOL 2 FRONT COVER0

Cupertino effect 1137-1138, 1139↓

currency 227, 297, 356, 958, 1150-1151

Current, Richard N. 30

Curry, Chris 616

cursive writing 438, 438↓

cursor keys 685. See also arrow keys

cursors: cursor keys 685; destructive and non-destructive 518; dipped in acid 519↓; first onscreen 493↓; mouse pointers 696; moving (See arrow keys; joysticks; mouse devices; trackpads); word processors 456-457, 518, 519↓

curved keys 826, 845, 848

cushioned keys 9340

“cushioned” typing 151

customizing calculators 227, 227↓, 5090

customizing devices and keyboards

home computers (See hobbyists)

keyboards: 3D printing 1091; checkerboards 9260; designing new 1090-1093; homemade 5080; industry-specific 1153-1158; keycaps 1084-1087; lights and sounds 389, 1088; mechanical 1084-1087; Model M 679↓; programming 1095↓; recreating 1099-1101; software 1087-1090; switches 762, 1087

Linotype character sets 254

teletypes 328

typewriters: Chinese 355, 357; crosses and bones 475; font balls 413; hieroglyphics 474-475; language modifications 1410, 146, 270-274, 474; music 474; planets and stars 474; QWERTY modifications 274-283; recreating 475-477; repainting 1083; Sears kits 140-1410; specialized symbols 146; swapping typebars 141-146, 1450; types of customizations 1082-1083

Cute Keyboard Club 1107

cyclone (@) 1177↓

CyKey machines 1024

cylindrical keys 826

Cyrillic text 2780, 959-960, 971

Czech computers and keyboards 502, 629↓, 967, 1153

Czech typewriters 271

D key 922

Dactyl keyboards 1093

daisy wheels and wedges 887; arrow keys 685↓; Blickensderfer’s daisy wheels 166; as maligned 953↓; Olivetti ETV250 8970; as only current typewriters 899; repairing 889; Sholes considers 24, 25↓; as transitional 887-892; Wheelwriters 8270, 8840, 885-887, 8870; Xerox 800 448-449

Dalton Adding Machine 2260

Damn You Auto Correct site 1139

Danger phones 989

Danish computers and keyboards 954, 10510

Danish typewriters 127, 272, 357

Daresbury Laboratory, U. K. 3810

Darr, Jimmy 338

Dart typewriters 760

Dartmouth Time-Sharing System 379, 1188

Das Keyboard 426, 927-930, 9280, 935, 935↓

dash characters 254, 441

Dasher D400 terminal 3980

data processing 6000; calculators (See calculators); census data 294-301; computer-like machines 377; computers shift to communication 509; computers take over 313; key punches (See key punch machines and punch cards); mainframes 384-385, 815, 815↓, 8540, 865; tabulators 124, 1260, 1270, 298-299, 3000, 301, 306

databases 463↓, 531, 675, 676, 706, 741, 933, 1102

Datadesk keyboards: Datadesk LittleFingers 845↓, 1034-10350; Datadesk Switchboard 8490; Model F alternative 647

DataHand keyboards 786-787, 7890, 798, 1094, 1099

Datamancer keyboards 1103

Daugherty Visible typewriters 730, 96

David, Paul 181-182

David Lynch Teaches Typing program 9150

Davies, Margery 556

Day, Jeremiah 319

Dayton, Sky 994

dBase 706

DCS (DIN Cylindrical Sculpted) 848, 849↓

De Azevedo, Francisco Juão 36

de-jam keys 813-815, 8180, 8200

“dead cockroach” fix (Sinclair) 618↓

Dead Heat key 1158, 1171↓

dead keys: exported typewriters 275; international keyboards 2680, 272, 274, 275, 281-285, 288-2890, 347, 956; iPhone keyboard 998; legacy 155, 644; overtyped letters and 141; typing special characters with 272

deafness and hearing impairment 197, 259↓, 1028-1029, 10290

Dealey, William 173-176, 177↓

deaths, user interfaces and 806

debouncing 755

debugging programs 575

DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) 687-695, 695↓

DEC glass teletypes 692

DEC PDP computers 692, 692↓

DEC terminals and keyboards 385, 6860, 692-694; DEC VAX 629↓; DEC VT-52 692; DEC VT-100 692; DEC VT-220 6930, 694-695, 793↓

DEC word processors 4880

decimal tabulators 124, 1260, 1270

decoupling keys from output: electricity and 211-213; IMEs 947-952, 9500, 971, 986; Ming Kwai typewriter 351, 357; Selectric and 485, 745

“Defender wrist” 773↓

Degan Publishing Company of Chicago 1140

dehumanization and alienation: full-number phone numbers and 984↓; punch cards and 312; RSI and 771, 773; typing pools 572

Deighton, Len 459

delays, key press and results 412, 413↓

Delete key 456, 459, 810-811, 812↓, 8130, 830, 890

“delete with force and fury” 809

Dell computers 647

Dene keyboards 1002

Dennerlein, Jack 807

Densmore, Amos 76, 79↓, 99

Densmore, Emmett 76, 79↓

Densmore, James 250, 26-27, 35

anger in letters 1203

collaborative success with Sholes 37, 42

Densmore typewriters 11180

first typewriter store 43, 67, 680, 79

markets machine to telegraphers 171

money worries of 99

in Remington negotiations 30-32, 320

royalties 32

Sholes accuses of theft 97-99

Sholes is angry with 97-99

Sholes’ letters to 27-28

Sholes’ personality and 26-27

testing typewriters 28-29

typewriter design: first Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer 25-35; manufacturing issues and 29-30; promoting Shift 93; spacebar design and 1202; standardizing keyboards 117↓; underscore characters and 5460; upper- and lowercase insistence 48-49

Wichary wishes to talk with 1203-1206

dental floss 667↓

Design Council Awards 629-631

Design Museum, London 586

Deskthority site 741, 933, 1102

desktop publishing 739

destructive Backspace 1129, 1130

destructive cursors 518

detectives 83

detenting (Selectric issue) 419

Deutsche Marks 1151

DHIATENSOR keyboard (Scientific) 165-166, 1670, 1690, 172, 175, 1780, 257↓

dialog boxes 811-813

dials. See rotary dials

Diamond, Jared 183

Dickerson, Richard E. 187↓

Dickinson, Rick 614, 629-635, 902

dictaphones 569

dictation 1207

dictators 51↓

dictionaries 982, 995, 1017, 1134↓, 1136

Didion, Joan 536-537

die-injection molding 1091

Diehl Alphatronic computer 5050

Difference Engine №2 8120, 813

Digital Equipment Corporation. See DEC

Digital Research 637-640, 658

digital-to-analog converters 424

digits 216. See also number keys

dimples (nubs, anchors) 110, 111↓, 1180, 223, 656↓, 793, 8080, 990

DIN standards 8420, 844, 845, 848, 849↓

dirt and dust 842, 843↓, 903

disconnecting keystrokes and output. See decoupling keys from output

discrete-mechanism keyboards 1084↓

dishwashers, keyboards and 677

diskettes 4540, 521-525, 543, 967↓

Disney’s Adventures in Typing program 914

DiSplay and KeYboard interface (DSKY) 11460, 1147-1149, 1149↓, 1150, 1150↓, 1178

display typewriters 886

displays. See screens

distributing type 248, 251

divorce attorneys 1156

“do not fold, spindle, or mutilate” 311, 312

Doctor Who (show) 1171↓

doctors 270, 771↓, 797-798, 925↓

documents: correspondence (See correspondence); forgeries (See questioned documents); “track changes” and 480-481

dogs (animals) 204-205

dogs (parts) 251, 416↓

Dolch computers 1084

Dollar typewriters 71

Dolph, Fred A. 9700

Don’t Care key 11570, 1158

Don’t Know key 1158

Doolittle, Eliza 1185↓

Doom (game) 924

doorstops, early computers as 633, 635↓

double injection molding 827

double keyboards 50, 520, 57, 58-59, 152-1530, 969

Double Pigeon typewriter 355-357

double-shot injection keys 8280, 8290

Down, Paige 913

Doyle, Arthur Conan 468

Dr. Dobb’s Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia (magazine) 497

Dragon’s Lair (game) 920↓

Dreyfuss, Henry 581

dropping computers 893↓

drum typewriters 9460

drunken brawls, typewriters and 862, 863↓

DSA Magic Girl keycaps 1107

DSK. See Dvorak keyboards

DSKY interface 11460, 1147-1149, 1149↓, 1150, 1150↓, 1178

dual keyboards 50, 520, 57, 58-59, 152-1530, 969

dual Shift machines. See Shift key; Shift Wars

dumb phones 989

dumb quotes 129

dumb terminals 389

duochrome ribbons 129, 1440, 1450, 413↓

Duodecillion machine 225

Duplex typewriters 50-51

duplication: carbon copy attachments 1450, 155; carbon paper 18, 93, 136-138, 1026; early methods of 136-138, 1370; facsimile letters 4360; impression strength 1430; mass mailings (See mass mailings); printing and Linotypes and 262-264; typewriters and 262, 264

Dura Mach 10 4260

dust-colored keyboards 851↓

Dutch typewriters and keyboards 540-5410, 6930; Aesthedes 2 computer 1172-11730; currency symbol 1156↓; monkey’s tail (@) 1177, 1177↓; Philips VG 5000 520; “poking” 269; symbols and special characters 273; Velotype stenotyping 10300; word processors 5170

Dvorak, August 1640, 9060; “Dvorak hands” 183-1840; finger movements 174, 188; key transitions 695↓; keyboard design 172-181 (See also Dvorak keyboards); later interests 181; Naval studies and tests 176, 180, 181, 909↓; one-handed typewriters 474, 1029↓; on QWERTY 180, 1178; teaches typing 909; Typewriting Behavior (book) 119, 173-174; Wichary imagines discussions with 193

Dvorak, John C. 673↓

Dvorak keyboards (Dvorak-Dealey Simplified) 1740, 1770; 1944 and 1956 studies 176-180, 181, 182-184, 193, 909↓; ANSI X4.22 standard 845; Apple switch for 8530; Carpalx testing 1089; computer keyboards and 181; Datadesk Switchboard 8490; destruction of study data 177; development of 173-176; DSK Noiseless 180; “Dvorak hands” 183-1840; eternal question of best layout 187-190; Fenton and 907; heat maps of usage 1860; patent 1780; praise for 176; Russian keyboards and 961↓; as sabotaged 168; TouchStream version 980-9810; TRON TK1 version 782, 7830, 953; typing speeds on 175-176; Wichary’s Royal 157, 1570

Dvorak on Typing program 913, 9150

Dynabook 1112

E. Remington & Sons. See Remington typewriters

e-ink keyboards 9930

EACA PMC-80 computer 716

Eagle Computer 640↓

“an eagle search system” 270

Eames, Charles 629

earplugs 929, 932↓

🌐︎ key (Earth or Globe) 725↓

Eastern Bloc countries 622-627, 963, 969. See also specific countries

EasyWriter word processor 527

Eberhard Faber Co. 11190

Ebert, Roger 1038

Eckert, J. Presper 3610

economy: American in 1870s 42↓, 43; Eastern Bloc countries 622, 963; Great Depression 594↓, 1151-1152, 1156↓; Long Depression 560; South America 622; Soviet Union 622, 629↓; United Kingdom 620, 622; women’s participation 552, 560, 577

Edgewood College, Wisconsin 6600

Edison, Thomas 42, 204-205, 265, 569↓

Edison Electric Light 211↓

EDVAC computer 365↓

effective apm (actions per minute) 921

Eigner, Larry 1038

Eisenhower, Dwight 3580, 360

elections 359-360, 366-371, 401

electric erasers 1120

Electric Paper word processor 525

Electric Pencil word processor 537

electric shocks, as telegraphs 321

electric typewriters. See typewriters (electromechanical machines)

electricity: adoption of 200; backup supplies for typewriters 208; computer vs. typewriter use 423-424, 779↓; dangers of 201↓; decouples keystroke and result 211-213; as muscle 423-424, 778, 779↓; warnings about 211↓

Electromagnetica Jet computer 623

Electromatic typewriters 1250, 203, 204-2050, 210, 310, 1178

electromechanical typewriters. See typewriters (electromechanical machines)

“electronic sweatshops” 571-572

electronic typewriters 886

electronics 362, 423, 448-449

electrostatic discharge guns 742

Elektronika 15IE-00-013 7020

Elektronika BK0010 9600

Elias, John 978-983

ELIZA program 1183-1187, 1185↓, 11860, 1187↓, 1192-1193

Elkin, Stanley 1038

Elwro 800jr computer 623, 9670

em space key 12000

Emacs text editor 728-732, 932

email 482, 1171-1177, 1188, 1195↓, 1207↓

emancipation, women’s 551-552, 577, 579

“Emancipation” (drawing) 5500, 552, 554↓

embarrassments: apologizing for predictive text 1196; odd spell check substitutions 1137-1138

embossed typing 1025. See also braille typewriters

emoji 10710; bastardization of language and 1193; development of 1068-1073; iPhone 1002; keys for 11950; meanings 1070↓, 1192; messaging apps 1192

emoticons 23↓, 1065-1067, 10650, 10670, 1070, 1070↓, 1188-1192

encryption 166, 199, 362, 679↓, 8190, 839↓, 1149-1150, 11610

End key 516

Endfield, Cy 1020↓, 1021, 1024

energy: Backspace key and 201↓; carriage returns and 200, 779↓; laser erasers and 1123↓; typing and 200

Engelbart, Doug: demonstration 10080, 1009-1013, 10130; legacy of 1038; mouse devices 696

England, Jesse 1106, 11080

English language 1134↓, 1206

Enhance key 11570

ENIAC 362-363, 364, 365↓, 3720, 575

Enigma machine 839↓, 1149-1150

enikeyshchik (anykeyer) 1162

enslaved people 294

Enter key: ANSI 833; “big-ass” and friends 833, 833↓, 843, 848; ergonomics and 833; examples of 834-8350; first 395↓; indicating user’s region 833; size of 1178; stabilizing 843; TIE 849↓; word processors 457

Enterprise 64 computers 808

Enterprise 128 computers 5270

envelope holders 141, 1450

envelopes, gummed 435↓

Epson Business Full Keyboard 8480, 8500

Epson HX-20 computer 1048

Eraser Stik 11190, 1121

erasers: correction keys 1126-1130, 11330, 11350; early crumbly 1117-1118, 1118↓, 11190; electric 1120; eraser shields 1118; laser erasers 11140, 1115-1116, 1117, 1121-1126, 11240, 11250, 1129

ereaders 1158

ErgoDox keyboards 1091-1093, 10940, 10950

ErgoMotion keyboard 796

ergonomics and human factors. See also RSI: arrow keys 692; Baudôt’s telegraph 337↓; calculator keys 243↓; chair-mounted keyboards 786; comparing keyboards 8470; continuing experiments 795-796; Crandall typewriters 71↓; curved and uncurved keyboards 776; designing for 1094; Dvorak and 174, 188; electricity and 778, 779↓; exercises for typists 802-8030; “finger shredders” 494; finger size and reach 783, 785; Fitts’s law 833, 925↓; glare 825, 826↓; improvements in 800-801; key punch machines 795↓; key-result delays 412, 413↓; keyboard caveats 789; keyboards not adopted widely 787-793; Model F keyboards 644, 646; modern keyboard features 792-794; over-hard key presses 757↓; QWERTY and 168, 394; rotated keyboards 785-786; RSI and (See RSI); scrivener’s palsy 106, 107↓, 773, 799; Selectric keyboards 426; Sholes & Glidden typewriter 775-776; short-lived victories of 969↓; split keyboards (See split keyboards); split spacebars 103↓, 1199; standards 800↓; terminal use 394, 395-396; terminals and 396; tilting keyboards 784-787; Typewriting Behavior (book) 173; work station focus 794; wrist rests 7660, 793, 793↓; zero-force typing 978-980

Erika typewriters 140, 534↓, 862, 8650

Ermita, Brandon 6720, 675-676, 677↓, 680

Error Control key 11210

error messages: crashing computers 811-813; diskette-related 524-525; early computer alerts 366; as emotional 819; terminals 396; Therac machines 806, 815-819, 821↓; as unkind 1196; word processors 516, 526, 539, 5440

errors. See typos

Esc key: Canon Cat lacks 896; coveted red keys 934-935, 9360; dating keyboards and computers 819-821; functions of 1179; history of 807-811; prototypes 815; removing 709; Touch Bar outrage and 806-807, 821

#escapegate 807, 821

escapements 23-24, 200, 201↓

Eskimo typewriters 281, 2880

Esperanto 191↓, 357, 1002, 1153, 1178

Espinosa, Chris 706

espionage: accusations of 472-473; Hiss case 470-477, 4730, 4750; Selectric bug 4820, 483-485, 4830, 4850, 485↓; U. S. efforts 485↓

Esslinger, Hartmut 849, 851, 1112

Estridge, Don 638-640, 646, 656

etaoinshrdlu 265-267, 2660, 267↓, 913, 914↓, 1003

Eureka typewriters 534↓

Euro symbol (€) 958, 959

European hand size 845↓

European pictograms 830

Europlus Apple II 5000

Evans & Sutherland PS 300 computer 10040

Eve, Alice 4140

Everest calculators 2350

Excel (Microsoft) 703, 7250, 733↓, 737

Excelsior Script and Typewriting Machine Company 438

executives, bosses and managers: begin using personal computers 574; begin using word processors 571-574; dealing with 566-569; feminism and fun 574; “future lady executives” 565; ill temperaments of 566; lipstick marks and 562; pet peeves of 569; secretaries’ marriages and 562-565; sexual harassment 558-560, 562; typing pool relations 572; women blocked from becoming 556; women’s work hidden from 569-570

Executron Correct-O-Riter 1129

exercises 763↓, 8020, 8030

Exidy computers 502, 810

Exp key 1127

Explain key 896

exploding calculators 610

exports and imports: British exported computers 618, 620-622; British imports of computers 614; China imports Japanese typewriters 945; Communist import restrictions 618; exports and imports 167, 274-282, 283; few U. S. imports of early typewriters 74; HHKB keyboards 932; Japanese imports of computers 952; Polish computer assemblers 963; Turkish laws slow imports 284; U. S. exported computers and typewriters 167, 274-282, 283, 614; used U. S. computers 959

Exxon 500 word processor 526

Exxon Qyx and Qwip word processors 446-4470

eyestrain 395, 518

Caps Lock key 110, 656↓, 673, 737-738, 793

F keyboard (Turkish) 284-285, 2900, 291, 959

F11 key 673↓

F12 key 673↓

Facit Facitronic 889↓

Factor S keyboard 3860

Fahlman, Scott 1066-1067, 1070↓

Fairchild Semiconductor 733↓

Fairchild typesetting machines 6010

fairytale typewriters 1145

Fantoni, Carolina 136-138, 554↓

Farsi typewriters 474

fast food, computer evolution and 377

“Fast Save” feature (Word) 1130

Faux Cyrillic 971

fax machines 326

Fay-Sho (Fay-Sholes) 76

FBI. See U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation

fear and terror: Communism 472; computers and unemployment 620; damaging computers 261↓, 516, 542, 1196; electric typewriters 204; folding, spindling, mutilating 311; graphoideophrenoia 464; IBM-caused 307; Linotypes (justifiably) 259; personal computers 506, 516; pressing wrong key 516, 520; RSI and 771, 797; Wichary’s fear of dementia 119↓; Zinsser’s crash 516, 542

featurephones. See cellphones; specific brands

feet, keyboard 151, 644, 652, 747, 841

Feit, Anna Maria 958

Felt, Dorr 219-220, 225, 227, 243

feminist, Sholes as 552. See also sexism; women

Fenner SPC-800 computer 1048-10490

Fenton, Lenore 9040, 9060, 9070; as “bad-ass” golfer 937; as “baddest-ass” typist 905-907; Dvorak’s Navy tests 909↓; Mavis Beacon and 909; on pinkies 918; precision 924; StarCraft players and 922; Wichary wishes to chat with 937

Fialka machines 11610

fictitious people 908-913, 911↓, 9120

Figueres Museu de la Tècnica 1-11, 30, 4-90, 120, 12080

Filco keyboards 924

filler text (nonsense text): “Amaranth sasesusos…” 135; “The boy stood on the burning deck” 77, 1021 (hieroglyphs); etaoinshrdlu 265-267, 2660, 267↓, 913, 914↓, 1003; NnNnNnNn filler text 135, 5120; “Now is the time for all good men…” 111↓, 117↓, 135; “The quick brown fox…” 111↓, 135, 886, 1082; Stapenell’s favorite 135; T-Y-P-E-W-R-I-T-E-R 43, 168, 187; Wichary unaware of best-known 111↓

Find command 737-738

Fine, Thomas A. 187↓, 1196

“Fine and Mediocre” 673↓

finger and hand positions: arrow keys 692-694; cortical homunculus and 12060, 1207; “Dvorak hands” 183-1840; Dvorak or QWERTY layouts 172, 174, 175; ergonomic keyboards 777, 782, 785, 786; finger size and reach 783, 785↓; gamers 922-924, 9230; heat maps 1860; home rows 103, 107, 1180, 656↓; index fingers 102-104, 103↓, 172, 918; keycaps and 842; keypads and 243; Linotypes 256; Mario’s and SpongeBob’s 914↓; Selectric 839-841; Sholes & Glidden 776; spacing between keys 844, 845↓; StarCraft players 920; stenotype machines 1015; studies 114, 284

Finger Form keys 141

“finger shredders” 494

“a fingerboard of keys” 219

FingerFans 982. See also FingerWorks keyboards

fingernails 908, 909↓

fingerprint scanners 1159

FingerWorks keyboards

Apple buys 983

FingerWorks TouchStream keyboard 9790, 980-9810; changes computing 801; development 977-980; dictionaries 982; gestures 978; iPhone and 995; learning curve 980-981; as membrane 796; predictive typing 982; Wichary hadn’t heard of 977-978; zero-force typing 978-980

iGesture Retro 983

Finnish keyboards 998

Finnish typewriters 271

“fir trees” 127

fire trucks, chasing 84

Fireball calculators 11640

“first” message 1196

Fisher Book typewriters 680

fist (telegraph operators) 1188

Fitch typewriters 172

Fitts’s Law 833, 925↓

flat keyboards 1209

flat keys 848

flattery, cloned computers and 622

Fleishman, Glenn: peevish letters to 898; tank obsession 1049↓; tea ceremony of correction fluids 1121↓

Flexowriters 437

FlexPro keyboards 784-785, 792-7930

flicking 419

Floating Arms keyboard 786

“Floating Shift” 610, 62

floppy disks 4540, 521-525, 543, 967↓

flossing keyboards 667↓

FLOW-MATIC language 575

“flying walnuts.” See font balls

Fn key 616↓. See also function keys

foam-and-foil switches 762

folding keyboards 1154-11550

folding typewriters 8560. 8570 8570, 8580, 8590, 860-861, 864

font balls (Selectric): benefits of 411-413; IBM Selectric Composer 441-442; interchangeable 412-413; semigraphics 10600, 10610; swapping 431

Fontana typewriters 534↓; Fontana Baby 50

Fontgate 481-482

fonts and typefaces

Chinese tray typewriters 348, 3480

choices of 147↓

composing and distributing 248-249

designing 248

early Chinese and Korean 249↓

forensic evidence and 467

graphics in 1067

imitating handwriting 438, 438↓

imitating typewriters 434-435, 4370

Japanese keyboards 950

Linotype matrices 252, 254, 257

monospaced 126-127, 156, 950, 1197

pitch 412

proportional 438-442, 7320

samples, thanking everyone 160-163

Selectric font balls (See font balls)

Sholes dislikes 42

specific fonts: Calibri and forgeries 481-482; Comic Sans 10360, 10370, 1106, 11080, 1176-11770; Courier 129-130; Cubic 130; Frutiger’s, on Selectric Composer 441-442; Quadrato 130; Vogue 130

swapping 70, 1450

typewriter typography horrors 126-131

word processors 519, 531

foot pedals 889-890, 945

footnotes 453, 539

force curves 758-760, 7580, 7600, 7610

forcing functions 683-684

Ford, Gertrude 173, 177↓

Ford typewriters 74, 78, 534↓

Foreign Language Type Kit (Sears) 1410

forensic typewriter experts: Albert S. Osborn 469-470, 485; American Society of Questioned Document Examiners 485; Martin K. Tytell 474-477; Ordway Hilton 467, 4680; Peter Tytell 4780, 480, 481↓; William Hagan 469; William J. Kinsley 464-465, 470

forged documents. See questioned documents

forged typewriters 474, 475-477

format effectors (control characters) 343

forms 391, 394, 4000

forums 932-935

Fountain typewriters 534↓

Fowler & Wells Co. 8020

Fox River Electric Railway 2940

Fox typewriters 864

fraction keys 899↓

frankenboards 675

Franklin 2 typewriters 8460

Freeboard keyboard (Bloomberg) VOL 2 FRONT ENDPAPERS0

Freeboard keyboard (IBM). See under IBM keyboards

freezing machines. See crashing machines

French language, Latin and 1194

French Ministry of Culture and Communication 956

French typewriters and keyboards 1040, 2760, 2880; AFNOR recommendations 958; AZERTY layout 186, 272, 275, 275↓, 2770, 357, 5290, 956, 9580; BÉPO layout 190, 956-958, 956↓; converting from English 474; key legends on 271; new layout 9590; as not standardized 844; proposed revisions 956-958; Remington’s “expert” on 282; Russian-Polish-French keyboards 1153; Swiss French and 956; symbols and special characters 272

Friden calculators 227, 2340, 5980

Friden Flexowriter Programatic 714↓

Fritz, Rose 91

frog design 1112

frogs’ legs, as telegraph 321↓

front-strike 184-185

Frutiger, Adrian 442, 443↓

Fudacz, Greg 190

Fujitsu HHKB keyboards 837-838, 9290, 930-932, 9330

Fujitsu Oasys 30AX-W word processor 9540

Fujitsu switches 757-758, 762

full-travel keyboards 754

fun cluster. See function keys

Fun with Your Typewriter (book) 10570

function keys. See also under specific programs and keyboards: Apple and Windows differences 725; Apple touch bar and 806; Fn key 616↓; function keypads 438↓; gaming keyboards 925; inconsistency of 720-721; Jobs pries off 707↓; numbers of 715-716; onscreen guides to 716, 9570; origins of 713-714; on portable computers 879; small keyboards and 837-838; typewriter 714↓

G key 467

Galabov, Teodor 284

Galli-Curci, Amelita 5960

Gallivan, Joseph 188

“game lock” option 926

GameCube keyboards 11910

gamers. See video games and gamers

Garber, Megan 1141

Gardner, Ava 862

Garson, Barbara 571

gas-run Linotypes 253↓

gas-run typewriters 211↓

Gateron switches 7580, 1087

Gates, Bill 650, 738, 779, 811

Gateway computers 647, 1162

Gatistotle switches 1087

Gay, Tyson 1143↓

GeekHack forum 933

gender biases. See sexism

General Electric-Bull 415 computer 428-4290

General Instrument 6490

generators 208

Geomet system 808, 810↓

German computers and keyboards: BlackBerry with overlay 9880; NeXT 7340; pictograms and text on 831; PowerBook with light keyboard 8450; Psion 5MX computer 1199; QWERTZ layout 5270, 6700, 7340, 8690, 954, 10380, 1174-11750; software-based layouts 190; spider monkey (@) 1177; standards 825, 841, 8420, 844, 845; ThinkPad color battle 872; Zuse 362, 3620, 3630

German typewriters 1540, 2720, 2790; Adlersuchsystem (hunt-and-peck) 270; companies 140; converted from English 474; converted from Russian 2790, 1156↓; converted to Polish 9680; currency keys and 1150-1151, 11510; differences from English 272; high commas 127; Ideal Polyglott 2760, 969; key legends on 271; Klein-Adler 864; Mercedes Elektra 2030; Nazi Germany symbols 1151; QWERTZ layout 1040, 186, 275, 7750, 11510; Shanghai-German keyboards 1153; symbols and special characters 272

Gestapo forgeries 477

gestures: capacitive surfaces 981↓; hovering 980, 981↓; iGesture Retro keyboard 983; iPhone integration 995; multi-touch 980; pinching 981↓; ShapeWriter software 1089; TouchStream keyboard 978, 981, 982; trackpads 991↓

Gherkin keyboard 1091, 1093

ghosting 757, 1103

giant devices 84-87, 860, 88-890, 96, 97↓, 5240

Gibbs, Kevin 1141

Gilbert, William 172, 1780

Gilberth, Lilian and Frank 174

Gillette Company 1118

gimmicks: gaming keyboards 926; geared towards women 565; giant devices 84-87, 860, 88-890, 96, 97↓, 5240; typewriterly keyboards 1103

gin, instead of mercury 365↓

glare 395, 825, 826↓, 975-976

glass teletypes 385, 692

Glidden, Carlos: Densmore and 29, 1203; joins Sholes and Soulé 21; leaves project 29, 42; name on machine 33; shows Sholes Pterotype article 36-37; spacebar design 1202; upset by Scientific American article 30; visit to Mitterhofer 36↓

glitchy text 1075

🌐︎ key (Globe or Earth) 725↓

Glossary (Microsoft) 1136

gloves, keyboards for 1032

glyphs. See semigraphics; special characters and symbols

Go key 1158, 1178↓

God, sacrilege and 62↓

“God clearing his throat” 336, 337

“God’s own keyboard” 681

gold-dusted keyboards 932

gold-plated springs 926

“golf balls.” See font balls

Good Companion typewriters 864

Google: failed apps 1142, 1143; Google searches 1196; Google Suggest 1139-1142

Google Poetics site 1142

“goose eyes” 127

GORILLA.BAS (game) 725↓

Gould, Stephen Jay 183

GPT-3 and 4 AI 1144↓, 1145

Graffiti software 1004↓

Graham, Bette Nesmith 1118

Grahn, Judy 539

grammar, typewriters and 1134↓

Grams, Rod 482

Grandjean stenotype machines 10180

Granville Automatic 1-2

graphic symbols. See overtyping characters; semigraphics; special characters and symbols

graphic terminals 3980

graphical user interfaces 684, 696-697, 721, 9210

graphoideophrenoia 464, 482

gray era of computers 849-851

Gray Wolf 461-462

Great Depression 594↓, 1151-1152, 1156↓

Great Runes 62↓

Great Western Railway 322

Greek typewriters and computers 2790, 2880; &ςEPTY layout 272; ancient Greek 474; converting from English 474; Greek font balls 413; key legends on 271; language reflected on 273; little duck (@) 1177↓; typographically-hostile layouts 273↓

Greeley, Horace 30, 31↓

Gregg shorthand 1013

Grid Compass computer 868

Groma Gromina typewriters 864

Groma Kolibri typewriters 864

“group buys” 934

Guenther, Alice 338

Guermeur, Daniel 927

Guinness World Records 932

Gunhus, Christine 482

GUNMAN (NSA project) 485↓

Gutenberg, Johannes 248, 254

H key: ControlH combination 724, 1130, 1134↓, 1142; terminal jokes 1134↓; terminals and 1130; vi H J K L navigation 6910, 729, 9230

hackers and hacking: Happy Hacking Keyboard 837-838, 9290, 930-932, 9330, 935; i-Opener machines 1170, 1177↓; jargon 1192; Jobs and Wozniak 499; keyboards 1103; Model F keyboard 647; UNIVAC TV debut 368

Hagan, William 469

Hagedorn, Rolf VOL 2 FRONT COVER0

half-spacing 1123↓, 1199, 12010

Hall, Frank H. 1025, 1026

Hall effect switch keys 748-749, 7480

Hall typewriters 71

Halmak layout 190

Halo keyboards 1005

Halo switches 765

Hamilton Automatic typewriters 8470

Hammer, M. C. 357

Hammond, James B. 76

Hammond, Thomas 76

Hammond typewriters 680; Chinese 350; curved keyboards 776; Hammond Folding 864; non-QWERTY layout 172, 1790, 11530; patent 1790; poems about 70; rare ⅌ key 1153, 11530; Shift keys 50

hand punches 293, 297

“hand-to-mouse” existence 896

hands. See finger and hand positions

handwriting 91, 201↓, 433-434, 437, 438, 438↓, 469

Hang Up key 1170

hanging 755

Hanks, Tom 1002

Hanxwriter keyboard 1002

hànzì characters 943

Happy Hacking Keyboard (HHKB) 837-838, 9290, 930-932, 9330, 935

hard drives, first 377

hardware stores, typewriters in 1940

Harris, Richard 673

Harrison, John Swainson 201

Harry Potter (books) 1144

Harwood, John 410

hashtags 1189, 1196

Hawking, Stephen 1030

Hayes, Robert A. 6010

Hayes, Robert D. 6010

Hayes, Rutherford 323

HCESAR layout (Portugal) 284, 959

head-mounted pointers 1030

headplay (Selectric) 419

health hazards: pre-keyboard 773-774; RSI (See RSI); terminals 395-396; workplace 769

hearing disabilities 197, 259↓, 1028-1029, 10290

heat maps 1860

Heathkit EC-1 493

Heathkit H8 computer 5230

Hebrew typewriters 2780, 2880; converting English typewriters to 474; “doctor’s typing” 270; Hebrew font balls 413; Remington’s “expert” on 282; right-to-left script 275; translating factories and 275↓

Hedge, Alan 983↓

helicopter keypads 742

Helio phones 989, 994

Helios Klimax typewriters 530

Helms, Susan J. 8790

Help key 1166

Hemingway, Ernest 862-863

Henry IV (play) 1150↓

Her (movie) 1184

Herbert, Frank 545

Hercules typewriters 534↓

Here Is key 329, 332, 343, 1156

Herkimer County Historical Society 551-552

Hermes typewriters 140, 141, 593; Hermes 3000 2780; Hermes Ambassador 1980; Hermes Baby 581, 5830, 864, 8650, 902; Hermes Featherweight 864; Hermes Top-Tronic (wedge) 887, 889↓

Heroine typewriters 534↓

Hertzfeld, Andy 722

Hess, Amanda 1141

Hewlett-Packard. See HP

HHKB (Happy Hacking Keyboard) 837-838, 9290, 930-932, 9330, 935

Hi-Tek switches 751, 752

Hicks, Marie 579

Hidden Figures (movie) 406

hieroglyphics 474-475

high commas 127

high-profile keyboards 838-8390, 838-841

Hill, L. B. 101, 102, 116, 117, 117↓

Hill Air Force Base, Utah 3980

Hilton, Ordway 467, 4680, 1125↓

“hingineers” 875

Hintergrundbeleuchtung key 1199

Hinton, Mark 1120

hirigana characters 944, 947-951

Hiss, Alger 470-474, 4730, 475-477, 4750

Hiss, Priscilla 472

Hitler, Adolph 1059↓, 1142

Hittite smiley faces 1065

HN2000 computer 4270

Ho, Daniel 741

hobbyists: 1970s counterculture and 497; building computers, tears and 613↓; building keyboards from scratch 495-497; clubs 497-498; computer kits 493-495; difficulties finding transistors 610↓; early computers 493-495; early found uses for computers 497, 500; early lack of uses for computers 495; end of homebrew spirit 509-511; Stockholm syndrome of 499↓; typing tutor programs 914↓; ZX 80/Spectrum focus 613, 618-620, 622-6230

Hobday, Stephan 783, 800

Hodges, Tony 784-785

Hofstadter’s law 1099

Hokanson, Taylor 777

Hoke, Roy E. 1780

Holberton, Berry 575

Hollerith, Herman: key punches 295-301, 306-307, 376; legacy of 312; Tabulating Machine Company 301; U. S. Census machinery 294

Holmes, Oliver Wendell 227

Holmes, Sherlock 468

Holocaust, punch cards and 313↓

home computers. See personal computers

G key 1163

home rows 103, 107, 1180, 656↓

Homebrew Computer Club 497-498, 499, 499↓, 511

Honeywell H316 computer 490, 490↓, 687

Hong Kong-Portuguese keyboards 1153

Hoover, J. Edgar 477

Hooveromatic 419

Hopper, Grace 366, 575

hot keys 721↓, 738↓. See also accelerator and modifier keys; function keys; keyboard shortcuts

hotels, Remington typists in 84

House of Cards (show) 97↓

House Un-American Activities Committee 472

hovering gestures 980, 981↓

How to be a Super-Secretary (booklet) 566-569, 5660, 5670

Howard, Martin 744

“Howdy, I’m the sheriff of…” 10740

HP (Hewlett-Packard)

computers: color 849; HP 87XM 7350; HP 250 7190; HP 5036A 11640; Pizza Hut spacebar 12010; “talk to the hand” key 809

HP 9825 calculators 630↓

lab equipment 1158

Hubble Space Telescope 873

huffing correction fluids 1121↓

Hughes, William 410

Hughes telegraphs 3250, 5970

human behavior, computers having 910, 1184↓, 1185↓

human-computer interactions: AI (See artificial intelligence); anthropophilic computers 892-893, 894; cortical homunculus and 12060, 1207; early terminals and 396; electronic sweatshops 571; ELIZA 1183-1187, 1185↓, 11860, 1187↓, 1192-1193; Engelbart’s presentation 1009, 1010; human control and 819; human-machine interface 1183-1187; human-machine symbiosis 1038; humans as machines 453; not understanding, pain and 396; Turing test 1185-1187; verb-noun syntax 1147, 1148; Weizenbaum worries about 1187

human factors. See ergonomics and human factors

Hungarian calculators 2310

Hungarian keyboards 271, 4690, 6250, 7010, 1177↓

“hunt and peck” 103↓, 105, 114, 269-270

Hyman, Michael 1162

Hyperspace Bar 785↓

hysteresis 762

I Can Text You a Pile of Poo… (article) 970↓

I just can’t quit you, QWERTY 954-958

IBM (International Business Machines): 1980s dominance of 638, 639↓; computers (See IBM computers , below); culture 310; ends typewriter/computer business 679-680; Great Depression risk-taking 310; “IBM and the Seven Dwarfs” 639↓; ignoring home computer trends 511; key punches (See IBM key punches); keyboards (See IBM keyboards); lawyer visits from 640, 640↓; Lexmark spinoff 678; Lin Yutang demos for 352; loss of reverence towards 658; Nazi Germany and 312, 313↓; not interested in laser erasers 1126; protest songs about 312; rally songs 310; Tabulating Machine Co. and 301, 307; terminals (See IBM terminals); THINK mantra 870; toy typewriters 421↓; typewriters (See IBM typewriters); VisiCalc jealousy 702; word processors (See IBM word processors)

IBM computers

1960s era 377

1984 sales 707↓

beige era 849

clones and compatibles 647-648

early portables 866-868

end of production 679-680

IBM 610 Autopoint 3760, 493, 493↓

IBM 705 3750

IBM 1052 4300

IBM 1401 8040

IBM 3742 3050

IBM 5100 866-867, 869, 871

IBM 5120 8660

IBM 5140 8670

IBM 5251 Display Station 638-6390

IBM 7030 (Stretch) 422-423, 425

IBM NORC 3730

IBM PC/AT 6450

IBM PC Convertible 8110, 8130, 868, 869

IBM PC Model 5150 6410; alternative third party keyboards 647-648; ControlAltDelete 810-811, 812↓; fears of damaging 261↓; home computer trend and 638-640; Kildall misses out on 637-640; limitations of 640-642; manuals 8200; Model F keyboard 642-647, 6430, 644, 6440, 6450, 6460; operating system 638-640; semigraphics 1048; Sinclair laughs at 642↓; unbundled keyboards 647; VisiCalc and 702; Wozniak laughs at 642; as your high school yearbook photo 642

IBM PCjr 6360, 6500, 6510, 6520, 6530, 654-6550; ads 6520, 6530, 656↓; binding 843↓; chiclet keys 870-871; disappearance of 658; keyboard issues 651-656; keyboard replacements 656-658; keyboard shortcuts 656↓; lessons learned 870-871; manual 812↓; nice keys on 837; reactions to 648-656; rebooting and losing work 652; sales 653

IBM Portable PC 5155 868

IBM Scamp 866

IBM System/3 Model 6 7170

IBM System/360 4300

IBM ThinkLight 874

IBM ThinkPad 8790; black color 851; development of 868-870; as IBM’s last brilliant outing 878; keyboard 870-872; keyboards inspired by 11050; lights on 725↓; naming 870, 871-872, 873↓; NASA’s use of 873-874, 875↓; red accents 872, 885↓; sold to Lenovo 876-878; standards and 845; success of 872-873; ThinkPad 300 873; ThinkPad 550BJ 873↓; ThinkPad 700 873; ThinkPad 700C 870-8710; ThinkPad 701C 873-8750, 875-876, 8760; ThinkPad 755CDV 873↓; ThinkPad 760 874-875; ThinkPad 2521 870; ThinkPad s30 8770; ThinkPad W700DS 873↓; trackpads 873↓; TrackPoint nubbin 871-872

keyboards (See IBM keyboards)

Lotus 1-2-3 on 7310

power and abort switches 8140

referring to as calculators 692↓

IBM joysticks 658

IBM key punches: early computer input 376; IBM 024 VOL 1 FRONT COVER0; IBM 026 3050, 314-317, 3140, 3150, 376, 795↓; IBM 029 376; sales of cards 311↓

IBM keyboards

best 646

damage control needed 656-658

dreams of global keyboards 832

factory worker’s opinions of 656↓

IBM Freeboard 654-6550; chiclet keys 651-652, 656, 753; complaints 651-656, 656↓; development of 650-656; Freeboard Version Two 656-659; keyboard shortcuts 656↓; research and 793; wireless 651↓

IBM M15 779

IBM Model A, B and C 673↓

IBM Model F 6430, 6460, 8250; 50-key 6690; add-ons and extensions 644, 6440, 6450, 7040; arrow keys 697-698; as a “brick” 645↓, 666; buckling springs 666, 750, 754; compared to 3278 824-828; costs 651; criticisms of 644-647; design behind 646-647; development 642-647; durability of 666; ergonomics 644; function keys 715; hackers fix flaws 647; hostile reaction to 1178; IBM unbundles 647; key width 832-833; as low-profile 841; maintenance contracts 677↓; manufacturing 6740, 6750; Model M as response to criticism 661; as navless 837; Num Lock key 697-698; overlays 7230, 7240; pictograms vs. text 830, 831; profile 838, 8380, 841; recreating 1099-1101; ridges 646; sounds 644, 645↓, 666; space-saver edition 742; stepped keys 843; third party keyboards and 647-648; updated 645↓, 647; on Wheelwriters 885

IBM Model M 664-6650, 6770; 122 key 6680, 674; Apple Extended keyboard as clone 706; arrow keys 694, 698-699; badges 674; Barbie model 679↓; as best of all time 661-663, 743; buckling springs 6620, 663-666, 677, 750, 754; clones 677, 6800; complaints 673; database for 675, 676; discontinued, somewhat 677-679; dwindling supply of 680; Excel overlay 7250; frankenboards 675; function keys 715; gaming and 924; German version 6700; “God’s own keyboard” 681; layout 673-674; Lexmark and Unicomp versions 678-679; Mac version 678; made in USA 675; mandolin crystals 674-675, 676↓; narrower variants of 837; no extraneous keys on 676; Num Lock key 698-699; as overengineered 663-664, 663↓; overlays 717; pictograms vs. text 830-831; research on 848; “Selectric Touch” 673↓; sound 663, 666, 667↓; space-saving edition 6710, 674; as still working today 675-676; as template for all that followed 667-673, 720; Turkish 679↓; unboxing 661-663; vast numbers produced 676; versions of 674-675, 676↓; on Wheelwriter 885, 885↓; workshops repairing 6720, 675-676

IBM Model M13 674

IBM Model M15 670-6710, 6760

keyboard damage control 656-658

overlays 7370

pictograms vs. text on keys 828-832

research 793

terminal keyboard design 390-394

IBM terminals VOL 2 BACK COVER0

battleships and 839↓

first 385

function keys 715-716

IBM 2250 714

IBM 2260 3920

IBM 2915 7160

IBM 3278 8240; as exuberant 851; vs. Model M 823-827, 828-831; pictograms 826↓; profile 838, 8390, 841

IBM 3279 3930

IBM 4978 390-3910, 685↓, 749, 7660

IBM 5100 3930

IBM 5251 1101

IBM 5382 3920

IBM Dura Mach 10 4260

IBM Model M (See under IBM keyboards)

keyboard design 390-394

keypads 394

IBM typewriters

chording research 1112-1113

Courier font 130

end of production 679

forensic evidence and 467

IBM Communicating Selectric 420

IBM Electric 203-204, 2120, 213, 213↓, 427↓

IBM Electric Executive 438-441

IBM Electromatic 427↓, 594

IBM Selectric 4040, 4060, 4070, 408-4090, 414-4150; American version 8320; as an icon 405-407; attaching to early computers 495-497; as baby name 406↓; as beautiful 581; colors 410; compared to iPhones or cars 420-421; complexity of 531; as computer terminal 422-425, 4240, 4250, 4270; Correction key 1126-1128, 11330; cost of 420; design of 407-411; detractors and critics 420-421; diagrams 4180; ergonomics 426; European version 8300; famous users of 420; font balls 4100, 411-413, 4110, 431, 10600, 10610; font choices 4170; forensic tells 470↓; hidden during Stretch demo 422-423; IBM Correcting Selectric II 1126-1129, 11280, 11310, 1132-11330; IBM Correcting Selectric III 420; IBM Selectric Composer 441-442, 4440, 4550, 479, 531; IBM Selectric I/O 425; IBM Selectric II 420; IBM Selectric III 8270, 828; as industry standard 420; keyboard layout and design 425-431; keyboard research 793; keys VOL 1 FRONT ENDPAPERS; legacy of 420-421, 431; maintenance 419; manuals 419; marketing 420, 421; as most stolen item in America 420; naming 416; noise 667↓; as personal printers 4240, 425; physical key memory 416; profile 839-841; prototype 4230; Romance Division 421↓; sales 407; sculpted keys 839; “Selectric bug” (espionage) 4820, 483-485, 4830, 4850, 485↓; “Selectric bug” (not spyware) 416-419; selling as easy 421↓; semigraphics 10600, 10610; Shift 8270; strength of brand 673↓; stroke compensators 416; text, not pictograms 831; typamatic keys 211, 416; wear compensator 419; whiffletrees 424; Wichary admires, as well he should 427-431, 1126-1128

IBM Upright 6660, 6670, 1112

IBM Wheelwriter 8270, 8840, 8870; display 885; as electronic 886; memory 886; Model M keyboard 885, 885↓; repairing 889; SuperSelectric 1127; surprising features 885-887; as transitional 890

odd 1 placement 1280

Olivetti’s influence on 594

proportional fonts 438-441, 7320

slogans 206

IBM word processors

error messages 526

first spell check 531↓

first use of term 446

hotline for help 542

IBM Displaywriter 451, 4540, 5160, 5170, 518

IBM MC/ST 447↓, 453

IBM MT/SC 447

IBM MT/ST 4320, 4400, 4410, 4430, 4550, 5140; features 442-447; as first computers 457; opened new worlds 459

losing work on 515-516

typing blind 518

IBM Word Proof 1.00 program 11380

Icelandic typewriters 2890

icons, keyboard 8310, 8330. See also legends

ICQ program 1189

Ideal layout (Hammond) 172, 1790, 11530

Ideal Polyglott typewriter 2760, 969

Ideal typewriters 534↓

ideograms 351↓

Ikeda, Toshiyuki 870-871

Ilion, New York 551-552

ILLIAC computer 365↓

IMEs (input method editors) 947-952, 9500, 971, 986

imitation typewriter fonts 434-435, 4370

Imperial typewriters 140, 152-1530

impression strength 1430

Improved Type-Writer. See Sholes & Glidden Type-Writers

IMSAI computers 497

incompatible formats and hardware 534

index fingers 102-104, 103↓, 172, 918

Fn key 6910, 8300, 831, 8320, 1127

index keyboards 11810

index typewriters 680, 5280; Chinese tray typewriters and 348; as cumbersome 859-860; development 71-74; as miserable 744; as portable 858; smallest 79↓

indexes (semi-automatic concordances, please) 453

Indian Cheque Writing keyboards 1153

Indian languages 970↓

Indian typewriters 357, 5970

“infuriated golf balls.” See font balls

injection molding 827, 1091

ink cartridges, encrypted 679↓

Input Club 741, 765

input method editors (IMEs) 947-952, 9500, 971, 986

Insert key 456, 459, 830

instant messaging 1189, 1192

insults 434, 435↓

insurance companies 1940, 253↓

integrated keyboards 11110

Intel Corporation 733↓

Intellec 8 computers 5040

intelligent typewriters 886

IntelliKeys keyboard 10370

Intergalactic Digital Research 637-640, 658

international keyboards. See also specific countries and languages: @ key and 1175-1177; AltGr key adoption 958-959; computers as multilingual 970-971; dual 969; I just can’t quit you, QWERTY 954-958; lack of universal 831-832, 843-844; Medium bug and 942-943, 9430, 961-969; multilingual typewriters 969

International Space Station 8790

International Telegraph Alphabet №2 338

internet 1171-1177, 1196

internet appliances 1162-1171, 1166-11670, 1177↓

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) 1189

interpersonal communication 1187-1192

interspersion 378, 378↓

inverted commas 127

inverted T layout 692, 694-695, 1178

Invicta typewriters 534↓

iPhone. See Apple iPhone

IQ 151 computer 502

Iraq invasion 480

IRC (Internet Relay Chat) 1189

Ireland, Ward Stone 1015

Ireland stenotypes 1015

irony punctuation 1065

ISO Backspace keys 833

ISO standards 831, 831↓, 833, 848

Italian stenotype machines 1014

Italian typewriters and keyboards: Apple IIe 5030; converted from Swiss 9680; Giuseppe Ravizza and 36; key legends on 271; QZERTY layout 186, 272, 275↓, 5030, 959

italic text 129, 254, 519

iTap predictive text 986

iTypewriter 1103

Ive, Jonny 631, 807

iXo terminals 1158

J key: H J K L navigation 6910, 729, 9230; home key nubs 110, 656↓, 673, 793; as slap in the face 174

J-Mouse keyboards 7010

Jacky, Jonathan 819↓

jamming: AZERTY layout 275; clashing keys 184, 185-186, 187↓; de-jam keys 813-815, 8180, 8200; solutions to 8170; Wichary jams the Difference Engine 813

“janitor” keys 813-815

Japanese cellphones 1068-1073, 10710

Japanese computers and keyboards 782↓, 9530; book interface 9400; complexity of 951; emoji 1068-1073, 10710; function keys onscreen 9570; game consoles 11910; hand size and 845↓; input method editors 947-952, 9500; iPhone 1002; JIS standard 844; kanji 948-9490; kaomoji 1067; left-hand keypads 9930; microfilm legends on 974; multi-shift 945; phonemes 951; QWERTY layout 8480, 8770, 952-953, 9530, 9540, 9550; Romaji mode 951, 970↓; split keyboards 7810, 953; Tagtype 11100; TRON TK1 782-783, 7830, 953; typesetting 9470; word processors (See Japanese word processors)

Japanese Instrument of Surrender (WWII) 1150

Japanese key punches 945

Japanese language: complexity of alphabets 943-944; hirigana 944, 947-951; kanji 943-944, 945↓, 947-951, 948-9490; katakana 944, 947-951; phonemes 951; reforms 944; top-to-bottom direction 945↓

Japanese teletypes 945

Japanese typewriters 5990, 6020, 9460; Chinese-made 945↓; dual typewriters 969; early manufacturers 140; early offensive 944; 雨だれタイピング “raindrop typing” 270; touch typing inferiority complexes 954↓; tray typewriters 944-945

Japanese word processors: cafés 952, 9620; Casio Darwin G-900ST Japanese 9570; first 953↓; input method editors 947-952, 9500; as liberating 952; replicating tray typewriters 945-946

jargon: chat and text 1193-1194; dialog boxes 811; generational 1193-1194; Great Runes 62; hacking 1192; keyboard 755-757, 762-763, 848, 1107, 1107↓; Russian 971, 1162; telegraph 1188

Jarvis, Jeff 941

Jasper program 1145

Jelly Key 1086-1087, 10860, 10870, 1088-10890, 1090-10910, 12000

Jenne, William McKendree 32, 42, 433

Jenny the elephant 85

Jewett typewriters 59

Jews, Nazi punch cards and 313↓

JiffyDos 7360

JIS standard 844

Jobs, Steve 9720; Apple tenure 499-502, 696, 706, 892, 897-991; cancer diagnosis 898; Canon kills Cat for 896; lampooning other smartphones 989; NeXT era 733↓, 898; peevishness 896; on phone keyboards 989; prys off keys 707↓; Raskin’s memo about 892; “too many apples” tantrum 722

JOHNNIAC (Pneumoniac) 363

Johnston, Casey 188

Jones, Charles 463

Jones, CJ 1106

Jones, Florence 463

Jones, Karen Spärck 579

Jones, Robert McKean 281-282

journalists, RSI and 772

journeymen (Linotype) 257

joysticks 687, 695, 6980, 7000, 7010, 11600

justification (Linotype) 251, 252

K key (H J K L navigation) 6910, 729, 9230

K-Type keyboard 741

“kangaroo paw” 773. See also RSI

kanji characters 943-944, 945↓, 947-951, 948-9490

kantele (kantere) 945↓

kaomoji 1067, 1070

Kapor, Mitch 733

karaoke 1028

Kare, Susan 722, 723↓

Karidis, John 875

Karkemish smiley faces 1065

Karl Business Machines 405-406

katakana characters 944, 947-951

Katz, Leslie 989

Kay, Alan 497, 1112

Kay, Neil M. 185-187, 191-193

Kaypro II computers 867

Keaton music typewriters 148-1500

Keeper project (HP) 630↓

Keleman, Don 490

Keller, Helen 1026

Kenbak-1 computer 493, 5050

Kennedy, John F. 336-338

Kerouac, Jack 537

Kerplunk key 977

Kerr, Doug 154

Kettler, Howard G. 130

“key-per-key” typing (Portuguese) 269

key punch machines and punch cards 308-3090, 3800, 5590, VOL 2 BACK COVER0; amounts in storage 316; creating art with 1061; as dehumanizing 312; early computer input 364, 376, 380-3810; early machines 302-3050; early punch cards 296-2970; first key punch machines 306-307; IBM cards 311; Internal Revenue Service 2920; Japanese multi-shift 945; key layout 313, 314-315; last hurrah of 312-313; magnetic cards 447-448; mass mailings and 436; numeric keypads 306-307; pantographs 298, 298-2990, 3020, 306; punch card evolution 306, 310-311; reading boards 2970; RSI issues 773 (See also RSI); rubber bands and 311↓; sorters 299; standardized sizes 297↓, 306; tabulators 298-299, 3000, 301, 306; typos and 317; Wichary uses 314-317; widespread use of 311

key switches. See switches

key travel 752, 759, 765

Key Tronic keyboards 647, 648, 6490, 702, 782; Key Tronic KB 5151 6570, 6950

Key-X keyboard 10370

Key64 keyboards 1091

keyboard art 1300

Keyboard Canyon 648

“keyboard computers” 503↓

Keyboard key 1159

keyboard shortcuts. See also accelerator and modifier keys; function keys; specific key combinations: AltF combination 969; AltF4 combination 527, 723, 725↓, 813;  and Option keys 721-722; break/reset combinations 8110, 8130; chorded combinations 713; contortions trying to reach 1199↓; ControlAltDelete 810-811, 812↓, 8130, 890; ControlF combination 737-738; ControlH combination 724, 1130, 1134↓, 1142; ControlS combination 539, 941, 942, 943, 969; early word processing 526-527; function keys (See function keys); guides to 7310; hot keys 738↓; IBM PCjr 656↓; inconsistency of 720-721, 723-725, 737; Medium bug and 942-943, 9430, 961-969; menus and 717-720; mnemonics 716, 717↓; motor memory and 720-721; need for 714; overlays and 716-717 (See also overlays); r. key as first 711-712; remembering 716; stenotyping 1017; teletypes and 343↓, 713; text editors 729-732; translating and localizing 717↓

Keyboard Valley 648, 6490

keyboarding. See touch typing

Keyboardio keyboards: Atreus 1093, 1099; Model 01 1093-1099, 1095↓, 10960, 10980

keyboards. See also specific brands and layouts

adventures of 856-858 (See also space missions)

art inspired by 542-5430

building and designing: 3D printing 1091; cloning keyboards 677, 6780; every arrangement is bad 646; everything is transitional 699; independent designers 1090-1093; materials, importance of 631; open hardware 1094, 1096; from scratch 495-497

calculator origins 215-216

calculators (See calculators)

cellphone (See cellphones)

on cloned/pirated computers 623-627, 629↓

colors 845, 849-851, 851↓, 8530, 872, 1102

current choices 761-763, 1209

as dangerous tools 485-487

death of 1207

decoupling from output 211-213, 351, 357, 485, 745, 947

dirt and dust issues 842, 843↓, 903

dishwashers and 677

Dvorak’s Navy keyboard tests 176, 180, 181, 909↓

early PC horrors 502

ergonomics (See ergonomics and human factors)

features: anti-glare 825; book interface 9400; cable routing 747, 747↓; CD players in 11110; computers inside 1103; dictionaries in 982; feet 151, 644, 652, 747, 841; fingerprint scanners 1159; flat 1209; gesture functionality 978, 981, 982; gold dust 932; joysticks built into 687, 7050; key travel 752, 759, 765; knee shifts 6960; mode shifting 627-628, 630↓; multi-shift 945; polling rates 925-926; profiles (See profiles); sounds (See noise and sounds); springs (See springs); switches (See switches); talking 1028; tilting 784-787; TrackPoint nubbin 871-872

firsts: first bugged keyboard 4820, 483-485, 4830, 4850; first Control key 382; first keyboard bug 416-419; first keyboards 359-360; first mechanical 389

force curves 758-760, 7580, 7600, 7610

forums 762, 932-935

as full of hopes and dreams 5420

history reflected in 971, 1203

hobbyist (See hobbyists)

I just can’t quit you, QWERTY 954-958

IBM’s influence on 667-673

icons (See legends)

international (See international keyboards)

jargon 755-757, 762-763, 1107, 1107↓

key punch (See key punch machines and punch cards)

keys falling off 635↓

kōans 652

layouts (See layouts, keyboard)

Linotype (See Linotype machines)

monuments to 11800, 1206

most people’s needs 788-789

overlays (See overlays)

personal communication and (See communications)

phobia of 946

plastics in 851, 1102

quality: bad and cheap 519-520; best of all time (See Model M under IBM keyboards); brick-like nature 645↓; “finger shredders” 494; most expensive 932; worst of all time 658

quieter, preferences for 667↓

relaxed life of some 509

reporting capabilities to OS 942

rollover (pressing multiple keys) 185, 366, 412, 416, 747, 755, 757

Selectric’s influence on 426

sizes of 8360, 837-838, 839↓, 848

software has eaten 1004-1005

specialized: anthropophilic computers 892-893, 894; blank (See blank keyboards); butterfly 875-876, 8760, 1093-1099; cash-register-like 502, 520; cellphone-attached 9860; child-proof 502, 509, 753↓; concrete 11110, 1206; dual 50, 520, 57, 58-59, 152-1530, 969; e-ink 9930; frankenboards 675; full-travel 754; gaming (See video games and gamers); giant devices 84-87, 860, 88-890, 96, 97↓, 5240; keyless 978; largest 1172-11730; laser-projected 1209; medical 1153, 11550, 1158-1159, 1171↓; membrane (See membrane keyboards); multilingual 969-971, 9700; paddle keys 786-787, 1015, 1017, 1088; peanut butter-proof 753↓; pivoting 874-875; rollable/folding 1154-11550; rotated 785-786; rubber (See rubber keyboards); scope 991↓; space-cadet 728-7290, 730-731, 8390, 11040; split (See split keyboards); steampunk 1103; virtual (See virtual (onscreen) keyboards); virtual reality 1209

spreadsheet support 673

stabilizing keys 755, 842, 843, 1202

standards (See standards)

telegraph (See telegraphs)

teletype (See teletypes)

testing (See testing keyboards)

third-party boom 647-648, 677, 704-7050

typewriter features in 154

usability: feel of 744-745, 757, 758, 838; finger size and reach 783, 785, 8420, 844, 845↓; fondling zombies and 609, 618, 633; friendlier 1106-1107; productivity, preference and pain 799-800; switching layouts 189, 189↓, 190; typing with thimbles 613↓

wireless, development of 650, 651↓, 652, 659

keycaps 744-7450, 8220; artisanal 1086-1087, 10860, 10870, 1088-10890, 1090-10910, 12000, VOL 2 BACK ENDPAPERS0; auctioning 1086; Avid 7350; backup supplies 1580; blank 928; cleaning 1102; color-coded 1170; creating one’s own 935; customized 1084-1087, 1107-1112; defined 191↓; design and construction 841-843; evolution of shape 8400; femme 1107; IBM Model F 6450; iPhone behaviors 998; legends (See legends); Massdrop 935; removable, on ADMs 389; swapping 141-146, 190; teletype, removable 328; testing at meet-ups 1084

KeyChatter blog 741

KeyGuard overlay 10390

keyless keyboards 978

keyloggers 4850, 487, 4870

keypads 8500; Altairs 495; arrow keys on 697-699; BINAC 364; cellphones (See cellphones); Clear key 233; detachable 233; early calculators 217-227; early key punches 3030; Engelbart’s keyset 1010, 10110, 10130; function keypads 438↓; Hollerith’s first key punch 306-307; IBM 025 key punch 314-315; IBM terminals 394; Japanese multi-shift keyboards 945; “keypad wars” 229; Num Lock key 697-699; speed studies 238↓; telephone-style numeric 8500; on telephones (See telephones); telephones mimic 241; ten-key machines 227-233, 2360, 2370; third-party computer keypads 704-7050; Wozniak and Jobs’ blue box 499

keys. See also specific keys (i.e., W key)

accelerator (See accelerator and modifier keys)

artisanal 1086-1087, 10860, 10870, 1088-10890, 1090-10910, 12000, VOL 2 BACK ENDPAPERS0

binding 843↓

blank for export 828

blank (otaku) 848, 849↓

“buttons” 751↓

chiclets 651-652, 656, 753, 870, 877-878

color-coding 630-631

cushioned 9340

decoupling from output 211-213, 351, 357, 485, 745, 947

double-shot injection 8280, 8290

fear of pressing wrong 520

fingerprint scanners in 1159

forum-manufactured 934-935

function (See function keys)

home key nubs 110, 111↓, 1180, 223, 656↓, 793, 8080, 990

icons, puzzle 8310, 8330

iPhone behaviors 998

jargon describing 755-757

layers 839↓

layouts (See layouts, keyboard)

legends (See legends)

lights on 761, 842, 877

lights under 925, 937, 1088, 1096

malleable 974

materials 794

membrane, exploded view 7530, 7540

non-printing (See non-printing keys)

removing hated 924, 925↓

rollover (pressing multiple keys) 185, 366, 412, 416, 747, 755, 757

rubber (See rubber keyboards)

screen displays on 973

semigraphics (See semigraphics)

shapes: contours 103↓; curved 826, 839, 841, 845, 848; cylindrical 826; flat 848; sculpted 140-141, 826, 839, 939; spherical 826; width 832-837

soft keys (See function keys)

spacing between 844, 845↓

springs (See springs)

stabilizing 755, 842, 843, 1202

standardizing (See standards)

stepped 842-843, 843↓

switches (See switches)

tamper 8190

typamatic 211, 416

uncommitted 714

wooden 11090

keysets 1010, 10110, 10130

Keystone Type Foundry 4370

keystrokes: actuation 749; decoupling from results (See decoupling keys from output); delayed 416, 518; electric machines 839; energy released by 412; logging 4850, 4860, 487, 4870; measurements 395; minimum per second 395, 571, 572; printing characters vs. non- 692; sounds (See noise and sounds); stenotype strokes 1015; stroke compensators 416; touch-typing and 104; tracking software 572; typewriter actions 200

Khmer typewriters 275↓

Kickstarter campaigns 1096

Kildall, Dorothy 637

Kildall, Gary 637-640, 639↓, 658

Killer Poke 1197↓

Killian, Jerry 479

KindWords program 11380

Kinesis keyboards 796-7970; Kinesis Advantage 788↓, 7970

The King of Kong (movie) 919

Kinsley, William J. 464-465, 470

Kirschenbaum, Matthew 446, 534↓

Kitchen Assistant 5100

Kitchen Computer 489-492, 4910, 4920, 4940, 509

Klaczko, Max 969

klawiatura programisty and maszynistki 970↓

Klein-Adler typewriters 864

Kleinsteuber Machine Shop 160, 20

Klingon keyboards 1002

Klockenberg, E. A. 776-777, 797

knee-controlled functions 6960, 6970, 697↓

Ko-Rec-Type 1121

Kocienda, Ken 999↓

Korean keyboards 920, 926-927, 9260, 9640, 10290

Korean pager shorthand 1192

Korean print history 249↓

Korean War 355

Kottke, Daniel 1101↓

KPH marine radio station 1204-12050

Krasnogorsk computers 616

Kroemer, Karl 799-800

Krugman, Paul 182, 183

Kuan-Hua-Tsu-Mu typewriters 2890

“Kubuś Literka” (artwork) 10740

Kurdish language 269, 287-291

Kurita, Shigetaka 1068-1070, 1073

KYBDslöjd 1075-1076, 10770